Causes and predictors of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic
https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-6-85-90
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19, the increase in the number of infected with coronavirus and the number of deaths, the lack of reliable forecasts and the emergence of new circumstances that complicate people's lives, increases the urgency of this problem and dictates the need for further research into the causes and factors contributing to the occurrence of mental disorders. The review presents data on the causes of mental disorders during the coronavirus pandemic: the toxic effect of the virus on the brain and the psychogenic effect of the pandemic and related factors (self-isolation and restrictive quarantine measures, media escalation, unemployment and economic losses, stigmatization) on the mental state. Predictors of mental disorders are considered both in people who have not previously suffered from mental illness, and already have a psychiatric diagnosis.
About the Authors
N. A. TyuvinaRussian Federation
Department of Psychiatry and Narcology
11, Rossolimo St., Build. 9, Moscow 119021, Russia
V. O. Vysokova
Russian Federation
Department of Psychiatry and Narcology
11, Rossolimo St., Build. 9, Moscow 119021, Russia
T. N. Maksimova
Russian Federation
Department of Psychiatry and Narcology
11, Rossolimo St., Build. 9, Moscow 119021, Russia
S. V. Prokhorova
Russian Federation
Department of Psychiatry and Narcology
11, Rossolimo St., Build. 9, Moscow 119021, Russia
References
1. Czeisler ME, Howard ME, Rajaratnam SMW. Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges, Populations at Risk, Implications, and Opportunities. Am J Health Promot. 2021 Feb;35(2):301-11. doi: 10.1177/0890117120983982b
2. Rosenbaum L. The Untold Toll – The Pandemic's Effects on Patients without Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 11;382(24):2368-71. doi: 10.1056/NEJMms2009984. Epub 2020 Apr 17.
3. Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, et al. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. Int J Surg. 2020 Jun;78:185-93. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018. Epub 2020 Apr 17.
4. Martin A, Markhvida M, Hallegatte S, et al. Socio-Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Household Consumption and Poverty. Econ Disaster Clim Chang. 2020 Jul 23;1-27. doi: 10.1007/s41885-020-00070-3. Online ahead of print.
5. Lenzen M, Li M, Malik A, et al. Global socio-economic losses and environmental gains from the Coronavirus pandemic. PLoS One. 2020 Jul 9;15(7):e0235654. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235654
6. Pulla P. Covid-19: India imposes lockdown for 21 days and cases rise. BMJ. 2020;368:m1251. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1251:10.1136/bmj.m1251
7. Taquet M, Luciano S, Geddes JR, Harrison PJ. Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021 Feb;8(2):130-40. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30462-4. Epub 2020 Nov 9. Erratum in: Lancet Psychiatry. 2021 Jan;8(1):e1.
8. Haider II, Tiwana F, Tahir SM. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Adult Mental Health. Pak J Med Sci. 2020 May;36(COVID19-S4):S90-S94. doi: 10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2756
9. Zhang Y, Lange KW. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and global mental health. Glob Health J. 2021 Mar;5(1):31-6. doi: 10.1016/j.glohj.2021.02.004. Epub 2021 Feb 13.
10. Varatharaj A, Thomas N, Ellul MA, et al; CoroNerve Study Group. Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Oct;7(10):875-82. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30287-X. Epub 2020 Jun 25. Erratum in: Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Jul 14.
11. Hampshire A, Trender W, Chamberlain SR, et al. Cognitive deficits in people who have recovered from COVID-19. EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Sep;39:101044. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101044. Epub 2021 Jul 23.
12. Reynolds D, Garay J, Deamond S, et al. Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Epidemiol Infect. 2008 Jul;136(7):997-1007. doi: 10.1017/S0950268807009156. Epub 2007 Jul 30.
13. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-20. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
14. Lee S, Chan LY, Chau AM, et al. The experience of SARS-related stigma at Amoy Gardens. Soc Sci Med. 2005 Nov;61(9):2038-46. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.010
15. Verma S, Mythily S, Chan YH, et al. Post-SARS psychological morbidity and stigma among general practitioners and traditional Chinese medicine practitioners in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2004 Nov;33(6):743-8.
16. Chung RY, Li MM. Anti-Chinese sentiment during the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Lancet. 2020 Feb 29;395(10225):686-7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30358-5. Epub 2020 Feb 12.
17. World Health Organization. Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak, 18 March 2020. World Health Organization; 2020.
18. Barbisch D, Koenig KL, Shih FY. Is There a Case for Quarantine? Perspectives from SARS to Ebola. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2015 Oct;9(5):547-53. doi: 10.1017/dmp.2015.38. Epub 2015 Mar 23.
19. Li W, Yang Y, Liu ZH, et al. Progression of Mental Health Services during the COVID-19 Outbreak in China. Int J Biol Sci. 2020 Mar 15;16(10):1732-8. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45120
20. Finatti F, Pigato G, Pavan C, et al. Psychosis in Patients in COVID-19-Related Quarantine: A Case Series. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2020 May 14;22(3):20l02640. doi: 10.4088/PCC.20l02640
21. Escola-Gascon A, Marin FX, Rusinol J, Gallifa J. Pseudoscientific beliefs and psychopathological risks increase after COVID-19 social quarantine. Global Health. 2020 Jul 30;16(1):72. doi: 10.1186/s12992-020-00603-1
22. Pellecchia U, Crestani R, Decroo T, et al. Social Consequences of Ebola Containment Measures in Liberia. PLoS One. 2015 Dec 9;10(12):e0143036. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143036
23. Mihashi M, Otsubo Y, Yinjuan X, et al. Predictive factors of psychological disorder development during recovery following SARS outbreak. Health Psychol. 2009 Jan;28(1):91-100. doi: 10.1037/a0013674
24. Hawryluck L, Gold WL, Robinson S, et al. SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Jul;10(7):1206-12. doi: 10.3201/eid1007.030703
25. Manuell ME, Cukor J. Mother Nature versus human nature: public compliance with evacuation and quarantine. Disasters. 2011 Apr;35(2):417-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01219.x. Epub 2010 Nov 15.
26. Larson HJ. The biggest pandemic risk? Viral misinformation. Nature. 2018 Oct;562(7727):309. doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-07034-4
27. Al-Garadi MA, Khan MS, Varathan KD, et al. Using online social networks to track a pandemic: A systematic review. J Biomed Inform. 2016 Aug;62:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2016.05.005. Epub 2016 May 17.
28. Depoux A, Martin S, Karafillakis E, et al. The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19 outbreak. J Travel Med. 2020 May 18;27(3):taaa031. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa031
29. Zarocostas J. How to fight an infodemic. Lancet. 2020 Feb 29;395(10225):676. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30461-X
30. Mazza C, Ricci E, Biondi S, et al. A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress among Italian People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 May 2;17(9):3165. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093165
31. Ho CS, Chee CY, Ho RC. Mental Health Strategies to Combat the Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Beyond Paranoia and Panic. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2020 Mar 16;49(3):155-60.
32. Abbas J, Wang D, Su Z, Ziapour A. The Role of Social Media in the Advent of COVID-19 Pandemic: Crisis Management, Mental Health Challenges and Implications. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021 May 12;14:1917-32. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S284313. eCollection 2021.
33. Soltaninejad K. Methanol Mass Poisoning Outbreak: A Consequence of COVID-19 Pandemic and Misleading Messages on Social Media. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2020 Jul 10;11(3):148-50. doi: 10.34172/ijoem.2020.1983. Epub 2020 Mar 30.
34. Ahmed MZ, Ahmed O, Aibao Z, et al Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and Associated Psychological Problems. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020 Jun;51:102092. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092. Epub 2020 Apr 14.
35. Gao J, Zheng P, Jia Y, et al. Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS One. 2020 Apr 16;15(4):e0231924. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231924
36. Eid RS, Gobinath AR, Galea LAM. Sex differences in depression: Insights from clinical and preclinical studies. Prog Neurobiol. 2019 May;176:86-102. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.01.006. Epub 2019 Feb 2.
37. Wang Y, Di Y, Ye J, Wei W. Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some regions of China. Psychol Health Med. 2021 Jan;26(1):13-22. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2020.1746817. Epub 2020 Mar 30.
38. Lei L, Huang X, Zhang S, et al. Comparison of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Anxiety and Depression Among People Affected By versus People Unaffected by Quarantine During the COVID-19 Epidemic in Southwestern China. Med Sci Monit. 2020 Apr 26;26:e924609. doi: 10.12659/MSM.924609
39. Merkin AG, Akinfieva SS, Martyushev-Poklad AV et al. Anxiety: phenomenology, epidemiology, and risk factors during the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. Nevrologiya, neiropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2021;13(1):107-12. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2021-1-107-112 (In Russ.).
40. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020 May;287:112934. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934. Epub 2020 Mar 20.
41. Sawalha AH, Zhao M, Coit P, Lu Q. Epigenetic dysregulation of ACE2 and interferonregulated genes might suggest increased COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in lupus patients. Clin Immunol. 2020 Jun;215:108410. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108410. Epub 2020 Apr 8.
42. Emami A, Javanmardi F, Pirbonyeh N, Akbari A. Prevalence of Underlying Diseases in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020 Mar 24;8(1):e35. eCollection 2020.
43. Asmundson GJG, Taylor S. Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. J Anxiety Disord. 2020 Mar;70:102196. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196. Epub 2020 Feb 10.
44. Taha S, Matheson K, Cronin T, Anisman H. Intolerance of uncertainty, appraisals, coping, and anxiety: the case of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Br J Health Psychol. 2014 Sep;19(3):592-605. doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12058. Epub 2013 Jul 9.
45. Rubin GJ, Wessely S. The psychological effects of quarantining a city. BMJ. 2020 Jan 28;368:m313. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m313
46. Banerjee AV. A Simple Model of Herd Behavior. Quart J Econ. 1992 Aug;107(3):797-817. doi: 10.2307/2118364
47. Yao H, Chen JH, Xu YF. Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Apr;7(4):e21. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30090-0
48. Asmundson GJG, Taylor S. How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. J Anxiety Disord. 2020 Apr;71:102211. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102211. Epub 2020 Mar 10.
49. Xiao C. A Novel Approach of Consultation on 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)-Related Psychological and Mental Problems: Structured Letter Therapy. Psychiatry Investig. 2020 Feb;17(2):175-6. doi: 10.30773/pi.2020.0047. Epub 2020 Feb 25.
50. Petrova NN, Pashkovskiy VE, Sivashova MS, et al. Impact of mental disorders on COVID-19 outcome. Nevrologiya, neiropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2021;13(5):40-7. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2021-5-40-47 (In Russ.).
Review
For citations:
Tyuvina N.A., Vysokova V.O., Maksimova T.N., Prokhorova S.V. Causes and predictors of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2021;13(6):85-90. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-6-85-90