Sleep disorder trends in 1988–2018 among the 25–64 years old population in Russia/Siberia (WHO MONICA Psychosocial study)

Objective: to study sleep disorders prevalence and trends among the population of Novosibirsk (age group 25–64 years) in 1988–2018.

Patients and methods. We screened a representative sample of a 25–64-year-old population: in 1988–1989 (II screening: 725 men, mean age – 43.4±0.4 years, response – 71.3%; 710 women, mean age – 44.8±0.4 years, response – 72%); in 1994–1995 (III screening: 647 men, mean age – 44.3±0.4 years, response – 82.1%; 391 women, mean age – 45.4±0.4 years, response – 72.5%); in 2003–2005 (IV screening: 576 men, mean age – 54.23±0.2 years, response – 61%; 1074 women, mean age – 54.27±0.2 years, response – 72%); in 2013–2016 (V screening: 427 men, mean age – 34±0.4 years, response – 71%; 548 women, mean age – 35±0.4 years, response – 72%); in 2016–2018 (VI screening: 275 men, mean age – 49±0.4 years, response – 72%; 390 women, mean age – 45±0.4 years, response – 75%) according to the standard MONICA Psychosocial study (MOPSY) protocol. Sleep disorders in the studied population were assessed with Jenkins Sleep Questionnaire.

Results and discussion. We found a high prevalence of sleep disorders among the 25–64 years old population with the following trends: decrease from 1988–1989 to 1994–1995 (men – 11 and 8.6%, women – 21.8 and 16.6% respectively); increase in 2003–2018 (men – 13.1%, women – 20.5%). An increase in sleep disorders prevalence in 2003–2018 occurred mainly due to older age groups – 45–64 years (χ² =122.061; υ=16; p<0.001 – men; χ² =230.626; υ=16; p<0.001 – women). In 1988–2018 there was a 2-fold increase in sleep disorders prevalence among women than men in all age groups. This increase in sleep disorders prevalence was associated with increasing age, reaching its maximum in the 55–64 age group (men: 1988–1989 – 20.8%, 1994–1995 – 12.1%, 2016–2018 – 19.7%; χ² =41.093; υ=12; p<0.001; women: 35.8; 21.8; 24.9% respectively; χ² =22.01; υ=12; p<0.001). Different trends were observed in 25–44 years old women in 1988–2018 and in 35–44 years old men in 2013–2016: sleep disorders prevalence decreased (25–44 years old women: in 1988–1989 – 13.7%, in 1994–1995 – 7.9%, in 2013–2016 – 5.7%; χ² =24.715; υ=8; p<0.001; 35–44 years old women 35–44: in 1988–1989 – 17.9%, in 1994–1995 – 20%, in 2013–2016 – 14.2%, in 2016–2018 – 10.3%; χ² =21.177; υ=12; p<0.001 respectively; men: in 1988–1989 – 9.5%, in 1994–1995 – 9.3%, in 2013–2016 – 4.2% and in 2016–2018 – 11%; χ² =12.67; υ=12; p<0.05 respectively).

Conclusion. We found a high prevalence of sleep disorders among the 25–64 years old population with the following trends: a decrease from 1988–1989 to 1994–1995; an increase in 2003–2018 mainly due to older age groups. Sleep disorders prevalence decreased in younger women in 1988–2018. There also was a 2-fold increase in sleep disorders prevalence in women than men in all age groups and with increasing age in 1988–2018.

1. Pandi-Perumal SR, Verster JC, Kayumov L, et al. Sleep disorders, sleepiness and traffic safety: a public health menace. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2006 Jul;39(7):863-71. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006000700003

2. Ferrie JE, Kumari M, Salo P, et al. Sleep epidemiology – a rapidly growing field. Int J Epidemiol. 2011 Dec;40(6):1431-7. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyr203

3. Li C, Ford ES, Zhao G, et al. Prevalence of self-reported clinically diagnosed sleep apnea according to obesity status in men and women: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2006. Prev Med. 2010 Jul;51(1):18-23. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.03.016. Epub 2010 Apr 8.

4. Kronholm E, Partonen T, Laatikainen T, et al. Trends in self-reported sleep duration and insomnia-related symptoms in Finland from 1972 to 2005: a comparative review and re-analysis of Finnish population samples. J Sleep Res. 2008 Mar;17(1):54-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00627.x

5. Rowshan RA, Bengtsson C, Lissner L, et al. Thirty-six-year secular trends in sleep duration and sleep satisfaction, and associations with mental stress and socioeconomic factors – results of the Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden. J Sleep Res. 2010 Sep;19(3):496-503. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00815.x. Epub 2010 Apr 30.

6. Ford ES, Cunningham TJ, Croft JB. Trends in Self-Reported Sleep Duration among US adults from 1985 to 2012. Sleep. 2015 May 1;38(5):829-32. doi: 10.5665/sleep.4684

7. Sharma SK. Wake-up call for sleep disorders in developing nations. Indian J Med Res. 2010 Feb;131:115-8.

8. MONICA Monograph and Multimedia Sourcebook. Helsinki; 2003; 237 p.

9. Nasledov AD. IBM SPSS 20 Statistics i AMOS: professional'nyy statisticheskiy analiz dannykh: Prakticheskoye rukovodstvo [IBM SPSS 20 Statistics and AMOS: Professional Statistical Data Analysis: A Practical Guide]. St. Petersburg: Piter; 2013 (In Russ.).

10. Calem M, Bisla J, Begum A, et al. Increased prevalence of insomnia and changes in hypnotics use in England over 15 years: analysis of the 1993, 2000, and 2007 National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys. Sleep. 2012 Mar 1;35(3):377-84. doi: 10.5665/sleep.1700

11. Ford ES, Cunningham TJ, Giles WH, Croft JB. Trends in insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness among US adults from 2002 to 2012. Sleep Med. 2015 Mar;16(3):372-8. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.008. Epub 2015 Jan 14.

12. Ford ES, Wheaton AG, Cunningham TJ, et al. Trends in outpatient visits for insomnia, sleep apnea, and prescriptions for sleep medications among US adults: findings from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey 1999–2010. Sleep. 2014 Aug 1;37(8):1283-93. doi: 10.5665/sleep.3914

13. Pallesen S, Sivertsen B, Nordhus IH, Bjorvatn BA. 10-year trend of insomnia prevalence in the adult Norwegian population. Sleep Med. 2014 Feb;15(2):173-9. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.10.009. Epub 2013 Dec 1.

14. Kronholm E, Puusniekka R, Jokela J, et al. Trends in self-reported sleep problems, tiredness and related school performance among Finnish adolescents from 1984 to 2011. J. Sleep Res. 2015;24:3-10. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12258

15. Gafarov VV, Panov DO, Gromova EA, et al. 3- year dynamics (1994–2016) relationships to its health, behavioral characteristics and prevention of cardiovascular diseases among women 25–44 years in Russia /Siberia. Terapevticheskiy arkhiv = Therapeutic Archive. 2018;90(1):36-44. doi: 10.17116/terarkh201890136-44 (In Russ.).

16. Gafarov VV, Gagulin IV, Gafarova AV, et al. Psychosocial risk factors for cardiovascular disease: gender differences and 22-year dynamics among the population of Siberia (WHO MONICA-Psychosocial Program, HAPIEE). Terapevticheskiy arkhiv = Therapeutic Archive. 2020;92(1):15-24. doi: 10.26442/00403660.2020.01.000249 (In Russ.).

17. Patel NP, Grandner MA, Xie D, et al. «Sleep disparity» in the population: poor sleep quality is strongly associated with poverty and ethnicity. BMC Public Health. 2010 Aug 11;10:475. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-475

18. Bochkarev MV, Korostovtseva LS, Fil'chenko IA, et al. Social-demographic aspects of insomnia in the Russian population according to ESSE-RF study. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii. 2018;4(2):26-34. doi: 10.17116/jnevro20181184226 (In Russ.).

19. Johnson EO. Epidemiology of insomnia: from adolescence to old age. Sleep Med Clin. 2006;1(3):305-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2006.06.006

20. Golenkov AV, Poluektov MG. The prevalence of sleep disorders among residents of Chuvashia (data from a continuous questionnaire survey). Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2011;111(6):64-7 (In Russ.).

21. Gagulin IV, Gafarova AV, Gafarov VV, Pak VA. Sleep disorders and their relationship with psychosocial factors and coronary artery disease. Mir nauki, kul'tury, obrazovaniya. 2010;3(22):180-2 (In Russ.).

22. Gafarov VV, Gromova EA, Gagulin IV, et al. 22-year trends in unconventional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among young and middle-aged people in the Russian Federation/Siberian Region (WHO Program «MONICA – psychosocial»). Epidemiologiya i infektsionnyye bolezni. Aktual'nyye voprosy. 2019;9(3):25-31 (In Russ.).