<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-2711-2018-3-48-53</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-948</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И МЕТОДИКИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Clinical features of depression in women compared with men</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клинические особенности депрессии у женщин в сравнении с мужчинами</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тювина</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyuvina</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра психиатрии и наркологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Psychiatry and Narcology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">natuvina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воронина</surname><given-names>Е. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voronina</surname><given-names>E. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра психиатрии и наркологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Psychiatry and Narcology</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балабанова</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Balabanova</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра психиатрии и наркологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Psychiatry and Narcology</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тюльпин</surname><given-names>Ю. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyulpin</surname><given-names>Yu. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра психиатрии и наркологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Psychiatry and Narcology</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет&#13;
им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский университет)» Минздрава России, Москва</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Tyuvina N.A., Voronina E.O., Balabanova V.V., Tyulpin Y.G., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тювина Н.А., Воронина Е.О., Балабанова В.В., Тюльпин Ю.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tyuvina N.A., Voronina E.O., Balabanova V.V., Tyulpin Y.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/948">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/948</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to study the clinical features of depression in women compared with men. Patients and methods. 120 women aged 18-65 years with recurrent depressive disorder (RDD; ICI-10 F33) (a study group) and 67 men of the same age with RDD (a control group) were clinically examined using a specially designed schedule and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale. Results. The clinical picture and the course of RDD have gender differences. The earlier onset of the disease in women with a large number of depressive attacks and lower quality remissions is due to the relationship and mutual influence of menstrual and reproductive function and depression. Such typical symptoms of endogenous depression, as slow thinking, anhedony, decreased sleep duration and early morning awakenings, as well as diurnal swings of mood with its deterioration in the morning, were characteristic for most women and men. The pattern of depression in women is more commonly characterized by anxiety; ideas of self-accusation; suicidal thoughts; avoidance of contacts with others; weakness; fatigue; decreased or increased appetite; sleep onset insomnia; lack of sleep feeling. That in men is more often marked by symptoms, such as melancholy; motor retardation; decreased motivation; somatic symptoms of depression (tachycardia, constipation); comorbid panic attacks; and concomitant diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory and genitourinary systems. Men more frequently abuse alcohol and other psychoactive substances. Conclusion. The revealed features of depression in women and men will be able to more accurately diagnose and to prescribe adequate therapy.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цель исследования – изучение клинических особенностей депрессии у женщин в сравнении с мужчинами. Пациенты и методы. Клиническим методом с помощью специально разработанной карты и MADRS (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale) обследовано 120 женщин в возрасте 18–65 лет с рекуррентным депрессивным расстройством (РДР; F33 по МКБ-10), составивших основную группу, и 67 мужчин того же возраста с РДР – контрольная группа. Результаты. Клиническая картина и течение РДР имеют гендерные различия. Более раннее начало заболевания у женщин с большим числом депрессивных приступов и менее качественными ремиссиями обусловлено взаимосвязью и взаимовлиянием менструально-репродуктивной функции и депрессии. Такие типичные для эндогенной депрессии симптомы, как замедление мышления, ангедония, уменьшение продолжительности сна и ранние утренние пробуждения, суточные колебания настроения с его ухудшением в утренние часы, были характерны для большинства женщин и мужчин. В структуре депрессии у женщин чаще наблюдались тревога, идеи самообвинения, суицидальные мысли, избегание контактов с окружающими, слабость, усталость, снижение или повышение аппетита, нарушение засыпания и отсутствие чувства сна. У мужчин превалировали такие симптомы, как тоска, двигательная заторможенность, снижение мотивации, соматические симптомы депрессии (тахикардия, запор), коморбидные панические атаки и сопутствующие заболевания сердечно-сосудистой, дыхательной и мочеполовой систем. Мужчины чаще злоупотребляли алкоголем и другими психоактивными веществами. Заключение. Выявленные особенности депрессии у женщин и мужчин позволят проводить более точную диагностику и назначать адекватную терапию.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>депрессия</kwd><kwd>гендер</kwd><kwd>пол</kwd><kwd>депрессия у женщин</kwd><kwd>депрессия у мужчин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>depression</kwd><kwd>gender</kwd><kwd>sex</kwd><kwd>depression in women</kwd><kwd>depression in men</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, et al. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011 Sep;21(9):655-79. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, et al. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011 Sep;21(9):655-79. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silverstein B, Edwards T, Gamma A, et al. The role played by depression associated with somatic symptomatology in accounting for the gender difference in the prevalence of depression. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013 Feb;48(2):257–63. Epub 2012 Jul https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0540-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silverstein B, Edwards T, Gamma A, et al. The role played by depression associated with somatic symptomatology in accounting for the gender difference in the prevalence of depression. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013 Feb;48(2):257–63. Epub 2012 Jul https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0540-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тювина НА. Депрессии у женщин. Москва: Издательство «Сервье»; 2006. 32 с. [Tyuvina NA. Depressii u zhenshchin [Depression in women]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo «Serv'e»; 2006. 32 p.]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Тювина НА. Депрессии у женщин. Москва: Издательство «Сервье»; 2006. 32 с. [Tyuvina NA. Depressii u zhenshchin [Depression in women]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo «Serv'e»; 2006. 32 p.]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тювина НА, Балабанова ВВ, Воронина ЕО. Гендерные особенности депрессивных расстройств у женщин. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2015;7(2):75-9. [Tyuvina NA, Balabanova VV, Voronina EO. Gender features of depressive disorders in women. Nevrologiya, neiropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2015;7(2):75–9. (in Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2015-2-75-79</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Тювина НА, Балабанова ВВ, Воронина ЕО. Гендерные особенности депрессивных расстройств у женщин. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2015;7(2):75-9. [Tyuvina NA, Balabanova VV, Voronina EO. Gender features of depressive disorders in women. Nevrologiya, neiropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2015;7(2):75–9. (in Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2015-2-75-79</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blanco C, Vesga-Lopez O, Stewart J, et al. Epidemiology of major depression with atypical features: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Feb; 73(2):224-32. doi: 10.4088/JCP.10m06227. Epub 2011 Sep 6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blanco C, Vesga-Lopez O, Stewart J, et al. Epidemiology of major depression with atypical features: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Feb; 73(2):224-32. doi: 10.4088/JCP.10m06227. Epub 2011 Sep 6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marcus S, Kerber K, Rush A, et al. Sex differences in depression symptoms in treatmentseeking adults: confirmatory analyses from the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression study. Compr Psychiatry. 2008 May-Jun;49(3):238-46. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych. 2007.06.012. Epub 2008 Mar 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marcus S, Kerber K, Rush A, et al. Sex differences in depression symptoms in treatmentseeking adults: confirmatory analyses from the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression study. Compr Psychiatry. 2008 May-Jun;49(3):238-46. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych. 2007.06.012. Epub 2008 Mar 4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тювина НА, Балабанова ВВ, Воронина ЕО. Гендерные особенности терапии депрессии у женщин. Психиатрия и психофармакотерапия. 2017;19(5):25-31. [Tyuvina NA, Balabanova VV, Voronina EO. Gender features of depression therapy in women. Psikhiatriya i psikhofarmakoterapiya. 2017;19(5):25-31. (in Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Тювина НА, Балабанова ВВ, Воронина ЕО. Гендерные особенности терапии депрессии у женщин. Психиатрия и психофармакотерапия. 2017;19(5):25-31. [Tyuvina NA, Balabanova VV, Voronina EO. Gender features of depression therapy in women. Psikhiatriya i psikhofarmakoterapiya. 2017;19(5):25-31. (in Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Romans S, Clarkson R, Einstein G, et al. Mood and the menstrual cycle: a review of prospective data studies. Gend Med. 2012 Oct;9(5): 361-84. doi: 10.1016/j.genm.2012.07.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romans S, Clarkson R, Einstein G, et al. Mood and the menstrual cycle: a review of prospective data studies. Gend Med. 2012 Oct;9(5): 361-84. doi: 10.1016/j.genm.2012.07.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сметник ВП, Кулаков ВИ. Руководство по климактерию. Москва: МИА; 2001. 685 с. [Smetnik VP, Kulakov VI. Rukovodstvo po klimakteriyu [Guide to menopause]. Moscow: MIA; 2001. 685 p.]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сметник ВП, Кулаков ВИ. Руководство по климактерию. Москва: МИА; 2001. 685 с. [Smetnik VP, Kulakov VI. Rukovodstvo po klimakteriyu [Guide to menopause]. Moscow: MIA; 2001. 685 p.]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сметник ВП, Ткаченко НМ, Глезер ГА, Москаленко НП. Климактерический синдром. Москва: Медицина; 1988. 288 с. [Smetnik VP, Tkachenko NM, Glezer GA, Moskalenko NP. Klimaktericheskii sindrom [Climacteric syndrome]. Moscow: Meditsina; 1988. 288 p.]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сметник ВП, Ткаченко НМ, Глезер ГА, Москаленко НП. Климактерический синдром. Москва: Медицина; 1988. 288 с. [Smetnik VP, Tkachenko NM, Glezer GA, Moskalenko NP. Klimaktericheskii sindrom [Climacteric syndrome]. Moscow: Meditsina; 1988. 288 p.]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юренева СВ, Каменецкая ТЯ. Депрессивные расстройства у женщин в пери- и постменопаузе. Гинекология. 2007;9(2):5-12. [ Yureneva SV, Kamenetskaya TYa. Depressive disorders in peri- and postmenopausal women. Ginekologiya. 2007;9(2):5-12. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Юренева СВ, Каменецкая ТЯ. Депрессивные расстройства у женщин в пери- и постменопаузе. Гинекология. 2007;9(2):5-12. [ Yureneva SV, Kamenetskaya TYa. Depressive disorders in peri- and postmenopausal women. Ginekologiya. 2007;9(2):5-12. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bennett HA, Einarson A, Taddio A, et al. Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Apr;103(4): 698-709.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bennett HA, Einarson A, Taddio A, et al. Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Apr;103(4): 698-709.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bromberger JT, Kravitz HM, Chang YF, et al. Major depression during and after the menopausal transition: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Psychol Med. 2011 Sep;41(9):1879-88. doi: 10.1017/S003329 171100016X. Epub 2011 Feb 9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bromberger JT, Kravitz HM, Chang YF, et al. Major depression during and after the menopausal transition: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Psychol Med. 2011 Sep;41(9):1879-88. doi: 10.1017/S003329 171100016X. Epub 2011 Feb 9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bromberger JT, Matthews KA, Schott LL, et al. Depressive symptoms during the menopausal transition: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). J Affect Disord. 2007 Nov;103(1-3):267-72. Epub 2007 Feb 28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bromberger JT, Matthews KA, Schott LL, et al. Depressive symptoms during the menopausal transition: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). J Affect Disord. 2007 Nov;103(1-3):267-72. Epub 2007 Feb 28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee PJ, Liaw JJ, Chen CM. Concept Analysis of Postpartum Depression Hu Li Za Zhi. 2015 Jun;62(3):66-71. doi: 10.6224/JN.62.3.66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee PJ, Liaw JJ, Chen CM. Concept Analysis of Postpartum Depression Hu Li Za Zhi. 2015 Jun;62(3):66-71. doi: 10.6224/JN.62.3.66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тювина НА, Балабанова ВВ, Воронина ЕО. Депрессии у женщин, манифестирующие в период климактерия. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С.Корсакова. 2017;117(3): 22-7. [Tyuvina NA, Balabanova VV, Voronina EO. Depression in women, manifested in the period of menopause. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S.Korsakova. 2017;117(3):22-7. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Тювина НА, Балабанова ВВ, Воронина ЕО. Депрессии у женщин, манифестирующие в период климактерия. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С.Корсакова. 2017;117(3): 22-7. [Tyuvina NA, Balabanova VV, Voronina EO. Depression in women, manifested in the period of menopause. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S.Korsakova. 2017;117(3):22-7. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жиляева ТВ. Предменструальные расстройства настроения: этиология, патогенез, диагностика и лечение (обзор литературы). Проблемы репродукции. 2015;21(4): 76-85. [Zhilyaeva TV. Premenstrual mood disorders: etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment (literature review). Problemy reproduktsii. 2015;21(4):76-85. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Жиляева ТВ. Предменструальные расстройства настроения: этиология, патогенез, диагностика и лечение (обзор литературы). Проблемы репродукции. 2015;21(4): 76-85. [Zhilyaeva TV. Premenstrual mood disorders: etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment (literature review). Problemy reproduktsii. 2015;21(4):76-85. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epperson C, Steiner M, Hartlage S, et al. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: evidence for a new category for DSM-5. Am J Psychiatry. 2012 May;169(5):465-75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epperson C, Steiner M, Hartlage S, et al. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: evidence for a new category for DSM-5. Am J Psychiatry. 2012 May;169(5):465-75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ross L, Steiner M. A biopsychosocial approach to premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2003 Sep;26(3):529-46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ross L, Steiner M. A biopsychosocial approach to premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2003 Sep;26(3):529-46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seeman MV. Psychopathology in women and men: focus on female hormones. Am J Psychiatry. 1997 Dec;154(12):1641-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seeman MV. Psychopathology in women and men: focus on female hormones. Am J Psychiatry. 1997 Dec;154(12):1641-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halbreich U, Kahn LS. Atypical depression, somatic depression and anxious depression in women: are they gender-preferred phenotypes? J Affect Disord. 2007 Sep;102(1–3):245–58. Epub 2006 Nov 7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halbreich U, Kahn LS. Atypical depression, somatic depression and anxious depression in women: are they gender-preferred phenotypes? J Affect Disord. 2007 Sep;102(1–3):245–58. Epub 2006 Nov 7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silverstein B, Edwards T, Gamma A, et al. The role played by depression associated with somatic symptomatology in accounting for the gender difference in the prevalence of depression. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013 Feb;48(2):257-63. Epub 2012 Jul 3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silverstein B, Edwards T, Gamma A, et al. The role played by depression associated with somatic symptomatology in accounting for the gender difference in the prevalence of depression. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013 Feb;48(2):257-63. Epub 2012 Jul 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lai CH. Major depressive disorder: gender differences in symptoms, life quality, and sexual function. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Feb;31(1): 39–44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lai CH. Major depressive disorder: gender differences in symptoms, life quality, and sexual function. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Feb;31(1): 39–44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levitan RD, Lesage A, Parikh SV, et al. Reversed neurovegetative symptoms of depression: a community study of Ontario. Am J Psychiatry.1997Jul;154(7):934–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levitan RD, Lesage A, Parikh SV, et al. Reversed neurovegetative symptoms of depression: a community study of Ontario. Am J Psychiatry.1997Jul;154(7):934–40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moskvina V, Farmer A, Jones IR, et al. Sex differences in symptom patterns of recurrent major depression in siblings. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(6):527-34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moskvina V, Farmer A, Jones IR, et al. Sex differences in symptom patterns of recurrent major depression in siblings. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(6):527-34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
