<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-2711-2017-3-88-97</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-779</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Molecular effects of chondroguard in osteoarthritis and herniated discs</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярные эффекты хондрогарда при остеоартрите и грыжах межпозвоночного диска</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лила</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lila</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А;</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522;</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">amlila@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Громова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gromova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>153000, Иваново, Шереметевский пр., 8;</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>8, Sheremetevsky Pr., Ivanovo 153000;</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Торшин</surname><given-names>И. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Torshin</surname><given-names>I. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>119333, Москва, ул. Вавилова, 40;</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>40, Vavilov St., Moscow 119333;</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаренко</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarenko</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125047, Москва, ул. 4-я Тверская-Ямская, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>16, Fourth Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow 125047</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гоголев</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gogolev</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>153000, Иваново, Шереметевский пр., 8;</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>8, Sheremetevsky Pr., Ivanovo 153000;</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Ивановская государственная медицинская академия»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ivanovo State Medical Academy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр «Информатика и управление» РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Center «Informatics and Control», Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАУ «НМИЦ нейрохирургии им. акад. Н.Н. Бурденко» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Acad. N.I. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>11</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>88</fpage><lpage>97</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Lila A.M., Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Y., Nazarenko A.G., Gogolev A.Y., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лила А.М., Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю., Назаренко А.Г., Гоголев А.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lila A.M., Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Y., Nazarenko A.G., Gogolev A.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/779">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/779</self-uri><abstract><p>Chondroitin sulfates (CS) are a building material for the cartilage and have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The paper gives the results of analyzing the pharmaceutical composition of chondroguard and its pharmaceutical substance CS-BIOACTIVE (CS-BIOACTIVE©Bioiberika S.A.U., Spain). It discusses the molecular-physiological mechanisms of action of CS in intervertebral disc extrusions and protrusions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Хондроитина сульфаты (ХС) являются «строительным материалом» хряща, оказывают противовоспалительный и антиоксидантный эффект. Приведены результаты анализа фармакологического состава препарата хондрогард и его фармацевтической субстанции CS-BIOACTIVE©Биоиберика С.А.У (Испания). Обсуждаются молекулярно-физиологические механизмы действия ХС при экструзиях и протрузиях межпозвоночных дисков.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>остеоартрит</kwd><kwd>грыжи межпозвоночного диска</kwd><kwd>хондроитина сульфаты</kwd><kwd>таргетные белки</kwd><kwd>молекулярные механизмы</kwd><kwd>паравертебральное внутримышечное введение</kwd><kwd>хондрогард</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>osteoarthritis</kwd><kwd>herniated discs</kwd><kwd>chondroitin sulfates</kwd><kwd>target proteins</kwd><kwd>molecular mechanisms</kwd><kwd>paravertebral intramuscular injection</kwd><kwd>chondroguard</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юдина НВ, Громова ОА, Торшин ИЮ и др. Дегенеративные заболевания межпозвонковых дисков как проявление дисплазии соединительной ткани: исследование микроэлементного состава грыж межпозвонковых дисков и терапевтических эффектов препарата Магнерот®. Фарматека. 2010;(1):112-8. [Yudina NV, Gromova OA, Torshin IYu, et al. Degenerative diseases of the intervertebral disc as a manifestation of connective tissue dysplasia: study of microelement composition of herniated discs and therapeutic effects of the drug Magnerot®. Farmateka. 2010;(1):112-8. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Юдина НВ, Громова ОА, Торшин ИЮ и др. Дегенеративные заболевания межпозвонковых дисков как проявление дисплазии соединительной ткани: исследование микроэлементного состава грыж межпозвонковых дисков и терапевтических эффектов препарата Магнерот®. Фарматека. 2010;(1):112-8. [Yudina NV, Gromova OA, Torshin IYu, et al. Degenerative diseases of the intervertebral disc as a manifestation of connective tissue dysplasia: study of microelement composition of herniated discs and therapeutic effects of the drug Magnerot®. Farmateka. 2010;(1):112-8. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fardellone P, Zaim M, Saurel AS, Maheu E. Comparative efficacy and safety study of two chondroitin sulfate preparations from different origin (avian and bovine) in symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee. Open Rheumatol J. 2013;7:1-12. doi:10.2174/1874312901307010001. Epub 2013 Feb 8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fardellone P, Zaim M, Saurel AS, Maheu E. Comparative efficacy and safety study of two chondroitin sulfate preparations from different origin (avian and bovine) in symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee. Open Rheumatol J. 2013;7:1-12. doi:10.2174/1874312901307010001. Epub 2013 Feb 8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torshin IYu. Sensing the change from molecular genetics to personalized medicine. NewYork: Nova Biomedical Books; 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torshin IYu. Sensing the change from molecular genetics to personalized medicine. NewYork: Nova Biomedical Books; 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Imada K, Oka H, Kawasaki D, et al. Antiarthritic action mechanisms of natural chondroitin sulfate in human articular chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts. Biol Pharm Bull. 2010;33(3):410-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Imada K, Oka H, Kawasaki D, et al. Antiarthritic action mechanisms of natural chondroitin sulfate in human articular chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts. Biol Pharm Bull. 2010;33(3):410-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campo GM, Avenoso A, Campo S, et al. Purified human chondroitin-4-sulfate reduced MMP/TIMP imbalance induced by iron plus ascorbate in human fibroblast cultures. Cell Biol Int. 2006;30(1):21-30 Epub 2005 Nov.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campo GM, Avenoso A, Campo S, et al. Purified human chondroitin-4-sulfate reduced MMP/TIMP imbalance induced by iron plus ascorbate in human fibroblast cultures. Cell Biol Int. 2006;30(1):21-30 Epub 2005 Nov.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ishimaru D, Sugiura N, Akiyama H, et al. Alterations in the chondroitin sulfate chain in human osteoarthritic cartilage of the knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2014 Feb;22(2):250-8. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.11.010. Epub 2013 Nov 23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ishimaru D, Sugiura N, Akiyama H, et al. Alterations in the chondroitin sulfate chain in human osteoarthritic cartilage of the knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2014 Feb;22(2):250-8. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.11.010. Epub 2013 Nov 23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volpi N. Anti-inflammatory activity of chondroitin sulphate: new functions from an old natural macromolecule. Inflammopharmacology. 2011 Dec;19(6):299-306. doi: 10.1007/s10787-011-0098-0. Epub 2011 Nov 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volpi N. Anti-inflammatory activity of chondroitin sulphate: new functions from an old natural macromolecule. Inflammopharmacology. 2011 Dec;19(6):299-306. doi: 10.1007/s10787-011-0098-0. Epub 2011 Nov 1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navarro SL, White E, Kantor ED, et al. Randomized trial of glucosamine and chondroitin supplementation on inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers and plasma proteomics profiles in healthy humans. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0117534.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navarro SL, White E, Kantor ED, et al. Randomized trial of glucosamine and chondroitin supplementation on inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers and plasma proteomics profiles in healthy humans. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0117534.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kantor ED, Lampe JW, Navarro SL, et al. Associations between glucosamine and chondroitin supplement use and biomarkers of systemic inflammation. J Altern Complement Med. 2014 Jun;20(6):479-85. doi:</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kantor ED, Lampe JW, Navarro SL, et al. Associations between glucosamine and chondroitin supplement use and biomarkers of systemic inflammation. J Altern Complement Med. 2014 Jun;20(6):479-85. doi:</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">1089/acm.2013.0323. Epub 2014 Apr 16. 10. Kantor ED, Lampe JW, Vaughan TL, et al. Association between use of spe- cialty dietary supplements and C-reactive protein concentrations. Am J Epidemiol. 2012 Dec 1;176(11): 1002-13. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws186. Epub 2012 Nov 8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1089/acm.2013.0323. Epub 2014 Apr 16. 10. Kantor ED, Lampe JW, Vaughan TL, et al. Association between use of spe- cialty dietary supplements and C-reactive protein concentrations. Am J Epidemiol. 2012 Dec 1;176(11): 1002-13. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws186. Epub 2012 Nov 8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim MM, Mendis E, Rajapakse N, Kim SK. Glucosamine sulfate promotes osteoblastic differentiation of MG-63 cells via anti-inflammatory effect. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007 Apr 1;17(7):1938-42. Epub 2007 Jan 19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim MM, Mendis E, Rajapakse N, Kim SK. Glucosamine sulfate promotes osteoblastic differentiation of MG-63 cells via anti-inflammatory effect. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007 Apr 1;17(7):1938-42. Epub 2007 Jan 19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orlowsky EW, Stabler TV, Montell E, et al. Monosodium urate crystal induced macrophage inflammation is attenuated by chondroitin sulphate: pre-clinical model for gout prophylaxis? BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014 Sep 27;15:318. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-318.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orlowsky EW, Stabler TV, Montell E, et al. Monosodium urate crystal induced macrophage inflammation is attenuated by chondroitin sulphate: pre-clinical model for gout prophylaxis? BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014 Sep 27;15:318. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-318.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campo GM, Avenoso A, Campo S, et al. Chondroitin-4-sulphate inhibits NF-kB translocation and caspase activation in collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008 Dec;16(12):1474-83. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.04.002. Epub 2008 May 23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campo GM, Avenoso A, Campo S, et al. Chondroitin-4-sulphate inhibits NF-kB translocation and caspase activation in collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008 Dec;16(12):1474-83. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.04.002. Epub 2008 May 23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lo YL, Sung KH, Chiu CC, Wang LF. Chemically conjugating polyethylenimine with chondroitin sulfate to promote CD44-mediated endocytosis for gene delivery. Mol Pharm. 2013 Feb 4;10(2):664-76. doi: 10.1021/mp300432s. Epub 2013 Jan 14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lo YL, Sung KH, Chiu CC, Wang LF. Chemically conjugating polyethylenimine with chondroitin sulfate to promote CD44-mediated endocytosis for gene delivery. Mol Pharm. 2013 Feb 4;10(2):664-76. doi: 10.1021/mp300432s. Epub 2013 Jan 14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Legendre F, Bauge C, Roche R, et al. Chondroitin sulfate modulation of matrix and inflammatory gene expression in IL-1beta-stimulated chondrocytes – study in hypoxic alginate bead cultures. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008 Jan;16(1):105-14. Epub 2007 Jul 12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Legendre F, Bauge C, Roche R, et al. Chondroitin sulfate modulation of matrix and inflammatory gene expression in IL-1beta-stimulated chondrocytes – study in hypoxic alginate bead cultures. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008 Jan;16(1):105-14. Epub 2007 Jul 12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campo GM, Avenoso A, Campo S, et al. Glycosaminoglycans reduced inflammatory response by modulating toll-like receptor-4 in LPS-stimulated chondrocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2009 Nov;491(1-2):7-15. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.09.017. Epub 2009 Oct 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campo GM, Avenoso A, Campo S, et al. Glycosaminoglycans reduced inflammatory response by modulating toll-like receptor-4 in LPS-stimulated chondrocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2009 Nov;491(1-2):7-15. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.09.017. Epub 2009 Oct 1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pecchi E, Priam S, Mladenovic Z, et al. A potential role of chondroitin sulfate on bone in osteoarthritis: inhibition of prostaglandin E(2) and matrix metalloproteinases synthesis in interleukin-1beta-stimulated osteoblasts. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012 Feb;20(2):127-35. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.12.002. Epub 2011 Dec 11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pecchi E, Priam S, Mladenovic Z, et al. A potential role of chondroitin sulfate on bone in osteoarthritis: inhibition of prostaglandin E(2) and matrix metalloproteinases synthesis in interleukin-1beta-stimulated osteoblasts. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012 Feb;20(2):127-35. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.12.002. Epub 2011 Dec 11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rovati LC, Girolami F, Persiani S. Crystalline glucosamine sulfate in the management of knee osteoarthritis: efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2012 Jun;4(3):167-80. doi: 10.1177/1759720X12437753.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rovati LC, Girolami F, Persiani S. Crystalline glucosamine sulfate in the management of knee osteoarthritis: efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2012 Jun;4(3):167-80. doi: 10.1177/1759720X12437753.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calamia V, Ruiz-Romero C, Rocha B, et al. Pharmacoproteomic study of the effects of chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate on human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010; 12(4):R138. doi: 10.1186/ar3077. Epub 2010 Jul 13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calamia V, Ruiz-Romero C, Rocha B, et al. Pharmacoproteomic study of the effects of chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate on human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010; 12(4):R138. doi: 10.1186/ar3077. Epub 2010 Jul 13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calamia V, Mateos J, Fernandez-Puente P, et al. A pharmacoproteomic study confirms the synergistic effect of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine. Sci Rep. 2014 Jun 10;4:5069. doi: 10.1038/srep05069.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calamia V, Mateos J, Fernandez-Puente P, et al. A pharmacoproteomic study confirms the synergistic effect of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine. Sci Rep. 2014 Jun 10;4:5069. doi: 10.1038/srep05069.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calamia V, Lourido L, Fernandez-Puente P, et al. Secretome analysis of chondroitin sulfatetreated chondrocytes reveals anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic properties. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012 Oct 2;14(5):R202. doi: 10.1186/ar4040.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calamia V, Lourido L, Fernandez-Puente P, et al. Secretome analysis of chondroitin sulfatetreated chondrocytes reveals anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic properties. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012 Oct 2;14(5):R202. doi: 10.1186/ar4040.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller RR, McDevitt CA. Thrombospondin is present in articular cartilage and is synthesized by articular chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Jun 16;153(2):708-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miller RR, McDevitt CA. Thrombospondin is present in articular cartilage and is synthesized by articular chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Jun 16;153(2):708-14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bornstein P. Thrombospondins function as regulators of angiogenesis. J Cell Commun Signal. 2009 Dec;3(3-4):189-200. doi: 10.1007/s12079-009-0060-8. Epub 2009 Oct 2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bornstein P. Thrombospondins function as regulators of angiogenesis. J Cell Commun Signal. 2009 Dec;3(3-4):189-200. doi: 10.1007/s12079-009-0060-8. Epub 2009 Oct 2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haywood L, McWilliams DF, Pearson CI, et al. Inflammation and angiogenesis in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Aug;48(8): 2173-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haywood L, McWilliams DF, Pearson CI, et al. Inflammation and angiogenesis in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Aug;48(8): 2173-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsieh JL, Shen PC, Shiau AL, et al. Intraarticular gene transfer of thrombospondin-1 suppresses the disease progression of experimental osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2010 Oct;28(10):1300-6. doi: 10.1002/jor.21134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsieh JL, Shen PC, Shiau AL, et al. Intraarticular gene transfer of thrombospondin-1 suppresses the disease progression of experimental osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2010 Oct;28(10):1300-6. doi: 10.1002/jor.21134.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans: Key modulators in the developing and pathologic central nervous system. Exp Neurol. 2015 Jul;269:169-87. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.006. Epub 2015 Apr 18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans: Key modulators in the developing and pathologic central nervous system. Exp Neurol. 2015 Jul;269:169-87. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.006. Epub 2015 Apr 18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Canning DR, Brelsford NR, Lovett NW. Chondroitin sulfate effects on neural stem cell differentiation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2016 Jan;52(1):35-44. doi: 10.1007/s11626-015-9941-8. Epub 2015 Aug 19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Canning DR, Brelsford NR, Lovett NW. Chondroitin sulfate effects on neural stem cell differentiation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2016 Jan;52(1):35-44. doi: 10.1007/s11626-015-9941-8. Epub 2015 Aug 19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Egea J, Garcia AG, Verges J, et al. Antioxidant, antiinflammatory and neuroprotective actions of chondroitin sulfate and proteoglycans. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010 Jun;18 Suppl 1:S24-7. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.01.016. Epub 2010 Apr 24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Egea J, Garcia AG, Verges J, et al. Antioxidant, antiinflammatory and neuroprotective actions of chondroitin sulfate and proteoglycans. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010 Jun;18 Suppl 1:S24-7. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.01.016. Epub 2010 Apr 24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Canas N, Gorina R, Planas AM, et al. Chondroitin sulfate inhibits lipopolysaccharideinduced inflammation in rat astrocytes by preventing nuclear factor kappa B activation. Neuroscience. 2010 May 19;167(3):872-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.069. Epub 2010 Mar 3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Canas N, Gorina R, Planas AM, et al. Chondroitin sulfate inhibits lipopolysaccharideinduced inflammation in rat astrocytes by preventing nuclear factor kappa B activation. Neuroscience. 2010 May 19;167(3):872-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.069. Epub 2010 Mar 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calamia V, Fernandez-Puente P, Mateos J, et al. Pharmacoproteomic study of three different chondroitin sulfate compounds on intracellular and extracellular human chondrocyte proteomes. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2012 Jun;11(6): M111.013417. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M111.013417. Epub 2011 Dec 27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calamia V, Fernandez-Puente P, Mateos J, et al. Pharmacoproteomic study of three different chondroitin sulfate compounds on intracellular and extracellular human chondrocyte proteomes. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2012 Jun;11(6): M111.013417. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M111.013417. Epub 2011 Dec 27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martel-Pelletier J, Farran A, Montell E, et al. Discrepancies in composition and biological effects of different formulations of chondroitin sulfate. Molecules. 2015 Mar 6;20(3): 4277-89. doi: 10.3390/molecules20034277.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martel-Pelletier J, Farran A, Montell E, et al. Discrepancies in composition and biological effects of different formulations of chondroitin sulfate. Molecules. 2015 Mar 6;20(3): 4277-89. doi: 10.3390/molecules20034277.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volpi N. Quality of different chondroitin sulfate preparations in relation to their therapeutic activity. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009 Oct; 61(10):1271-80. doi: 10.1211/jpp/61.10.0002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volpi N. Quality of different chondroitin sulfate preparations in relation to their therapeutic activity. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009 Oct; 61(10):1271-80. doi: 10.1211/jpp/61.10.0002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rainsford KD. Importance of pharmaceutical composition and evidence from clinical trials and pharmacological studies in determining effectiveness of chondroitin sulphate and other glycosaminoglycans: a critique. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;61(10):1263-70. doi: 10.1211/jpp/61.10.0001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rainsford KD. Importance of pharmaceutical composition and evidence from clinical trials and pharmacological studies in determining effectiveness of chondroitin sulphate and other glycosaminoglycans: a critique. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;61(10):1263-70. doi: 10.1211/jpp/61.10.0001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volpi N. Oral absorption and bioavailability of ichthyic origin chondroitin sulfate in healthy male volunteers. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2003 Jun;11(6):433-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volpi N. Oral absorption and bioavailability of ichthyic origin chondroitin sulfate in healthy male volunteers. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2003 Jun;11(6):433-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sobal G, Dorotka R, Menzel J, Sinzinger H. Uptake studies with chondrotropic 99mTc-chondroitin sulfate in articular cartilage. Implications for imaging osteoarthritis in the knee. Nucl Med Biol. 2013 Nov;40(8):1013-7. doi: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.07.007. Epub 2013 Sep 5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sobal G, Dorotka R, Menzel J, Sinzinger H. Uptake studies with chondrotropic 99mTc-chondroitin sulfate in articular cartilage. Implications for imaging osteoarthritis in the knee. Nucl Med Biol. 2013 Nov;40(8):1013-7. doi: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.07.007. Epub 2013 Sep 5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volpi N. Oral bioavailability of chondroitin sulfate (Condrosulf) and its constituents in healthy male volunteers. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2002 Oct;10(10):768-77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volpi N. Oral bioavailability of chondroitin sulfate (Condrosulf) and its constituents in healthy male volunteers. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2002 Oct;10(10):768-77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Persiani S, Roda E, Rovati LC, et al. Glucosamine oral bioavailability and plasma pharmacokinetics after increasing doses of crystalline glucosamine sulfate in man. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005 Dec;13(12):1041-9. Epub 2005 Sep 13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Persiani S, Roda E, Rovati LC, et al. Glucosamine oral bioavailability and plasma pharmacokinetics after increasing doses of crystalline glucosamine sulfate in man. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005 Dec;13(12):1041-9. Epub 2005 Sep 13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Craciunescu O, Moldovan L, Moisei M, Trif M. Liposomal formulation of chondroitin sulfate enhances its antioxidant and antiinflammatory potential in L929 fibroblast cell line. J Liposome Res. 2013 Jun;23(2):145-53. doi: 10.3109/08982104.2013.770016. Epub 2013 Apr 16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Craciunescu O, Moldovan L, Moisei M, Trif M. Liposomal formulation of chondroitin sulfate enhances its antioxidant and antiinflammatory potential in L929 fibroblast cell line. J Liposome Res. 2013 Jun;23(2):145-53. doi: 10.3109/08982104.2013.770016. Epub 2013 Apr 16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">von Felden J, Montani M, Kessebohm K, Stickel F. Drug-induced acute liver injury mimicking autoimmune hepatitis after intake of dietary supplements containing glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Mar;51(3):219-23. doi: 10.5414/CP201835.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">von Felden J, Montani M, Kessebohm K, Stickel F. Drug-induced acute liver injury mimicking autoimmune hepatitis after intake of dietary supplements containing glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Mar;51(3):219-23. doi: 10.5414/CP201835.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ronca F, Palmieri L, Panicucci P, Ronca G. Anti-inflammatory activity of chondroitin sulfate. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1998 May;6 Suppl A:14-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ronca F, Palmieri L, Panicucci P, Ronca G. Anti-inflammatory activity of chondroitin sulfate. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1998 May;6 Suppl A:14-21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (11th ed.). Merck; 1989. 1138 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (11th ed.). Merck; 1989. 1138 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brü hne F. Wright laine. Benzyl Alcohol. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.). Wiley; 2007. P. 7–8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brü hne F. Wright laine. Benzyl Alcohol. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.). Wiley; 2007. P. 7–8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cherkin A, Eckardt MJ, Gerbrandt LK. Memory: proline induces retrograde amnesia in chicks. Science. 1976 Jul 16;193(4249):242-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cherkin A, Eckardt MJ, Gerbrandt LK. Memory: proline induces retrograde amnesia in chicks. Science. 1976 Jul 16;193(4249):242-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nadler JV, Wang A, Hakim A. Toxicity of L-proline toward rat hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 1988 Jul 19;456(1):168-72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nadler JV, Wang A, Hakim A. Toxicity of L-proline toward rat hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 1988 Jul 19;456(1):168-72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volk DW, Gonzalez-Burgos G, Lewis DA. Proline, GABA Synthesis and Gamma Oscillations in Schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci. 2016 Dec;39(12):797-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volk DW, Gonzalez-Burgos G, Lewis DA. Proline, GABA Synthesis and Gamma Oscillations in Schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci. 2016 Dec;39(12):797-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zipp GG, Barbosa J, Green MA, et al. Novel inhibitors of the high-affinity L-proline transporter as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of cognitive disorders. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2014 Aug 15;24(16):3886-90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zipp GG, Barbosa J, Green MA, et al. Novel inhibitors of the high-affinity L-proline transporter as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of cognitive disorders. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2014 Aug 15;24(16):3886-90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burns DT, Walker MJ, Mussell C. Chondroitin Sulfate: A Critical Review of Generic and Specific Problems in Its Characterization and Determination-An Exemplar of a Material with an Unknown or Variable Composition (UVCB). J AOAC Int. 2017 Aug 29. doi: 10.5740/jaoacint.17-0115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burns DT, Walker MJ, Mussell C. Chondroitin Sulfate: A Critical Review of Generic and Specific Problems in Its Characterization and Determination-An Exemplar of a Material with an Unknown or Variable Composition (UVCB). J AOAC Int. 2017 Aug 29. doi: 10.5740/jaoacint.17-0115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гутянский ОГ, Честнов АА. Опыт применения комплексного лечения дискогенных радикулопатий у спортсменов. Медицинский Совет. 2017;(11):28-34. [Gutyanskii OG, Chestnov AA. Experience of application of complex treatment of discogenic radiculopathy in athletes. Meditsinskii Sovet. 2017;(11):28-34. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Гутянский ОГ, Честнов АА. Опыт применения комплексного лечения дискогенных радикулопатий у спортсменов. Медицинский Совет. 2017;(11):28-34. [Gutyanskii OG, Chestnov AA. Experience of application of complex treatment of discogenic radiculopathy in athletes. Meditsinskii Sovet. 2017;(11):28-34. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujimoto T, Kawashima H, Tanaka T, et al. CD44 binds a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, aggrecan. Int Immunol. 2001 Mar;13(3):359-66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujimoto T, Kawashima H, Tanaka T, et al. CD44 binds a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, aggrecan. Int Immunol. 2001 Mar;13(3):359-66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atarashi K, Kawashima H, Hirata T, Miyasaka M. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, common ligand of L-selectin and CD44. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso. 2002 Dec;47(16 Suppl):2214-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atarashi K, Kawashima H, Hirata T, Miyasaka M. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, common ligand of L-selectin and CD44. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso. 2002 Dec;47(16 Suppl):2214-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harada H, Takahashi M. CD44-dependent intracellular and extracellular catabolism of hyaluronic acid by hyaluronidase-1 and -2. J Biol Chem. 2007 Feb 23;282(8):5597-607.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harada H, Takahashi M. CD44-dependent intracellular and extracellular catabolism of hyaluronic acid by hyaluronidase-1 and -2. J Biol Chem. 2007 Feb 23;282(8):5597-607.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meyer K, Hoffman P, Linker A. Hyaluronidases. In: Boyer PD, Lardy H, Myrback K, editors. The Enzymes. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. New York: Academic Press; 1960.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meyer K, Hoffman P, Linker A. Hyaluronidases. In: Boyer PD, Lardy H, Myrback K, editors. The Enzymes. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. New York: Academic Press; 1960.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silva C, Novoa-Carballal R, Reis RL, Pashkuleva I. Following the enzymatic digestion of chondroitin sulfate by a simple GPC analysis. Anal Chim Acta. 2015 Jul 23;885:207-13. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.034. PMID: 26231907</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silva C, Novoa-Carballal R, Reis RL, Pashkuleva I. Following the enzymatic digestion of chondroitin sulfate by a simple GPC analysis. Anal Chim Acta. 2015 Jul 23;885:207-13. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.034. PMID: 26231907</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knudson W, Gundlach MW, Schmid TM, Conrad HE. Selective hydrolysis of chondroitin sulfates by hyaluronidase. Biochemistry. 1984 Jan 17;23(2):368-75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knudson W, Gundlach MW, Schmid TM, Conrad HE. Selective hydrolysis of chondroitin sulfates by hyaluronidase. Biochemistry. 1984 Jan 17;23(2):368-75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cauwe B, Van den Steen PE, Opdenakker G. The biochemical, biological, and pathological kaleidoscope of cell surface substrates processed by matrix metalloproteinases. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 May-Jun;42(3):113-85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cauwe B, Van den Steen PE, Opdenakker G. The biochemical, biological, and pathological kaleidoscope of cell surface substrates processed by matrix metalloproteinases. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 May-Jun;42(3):113-85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malemud CJ. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in health and disease: an overview. Front Biosci. 2006 May 1;11:1696-701.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malemud CJ. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in health and disease: an overview. Front Biosci. 2006 May 1;11:1696-701.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shingleton WD, Hodges DJ, Brick P, Cawston TE. Collagenase: a key enzyme in collagen turnover. Biochem Cell Biol. 1996;74(6): 759-75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shingleton WD, Hodges DJ, Brick P, Cawston TE. Collagenase: a key enzyme in collagen turnover. Biochem Cell Biol. 1996;74(6): 759-75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kantor ED, Lampe JW, Peters U, et al. Use of glucosamine and chondroitin supplements and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2013 Jun; 24(6): 1137-46. doi: 10.1007/s10552-013-0192-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kantor ED, Lampe JW, Peters U, et al. Use of glucosamine and chondroitin supplements and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2013 Jun; 24(6): 1137-46. doi: 10.1007/s10552-013-0192-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tan GK, Tabata Y. Chondroitin-6-sulfate attenuates inflammatory responses in murine macrophages via suppression of NF-κB nuclear translocation. Acta Biomater. 2014 Jun;10(6): 2684-92. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tan GK, Tabata Y. Chondroitin-6-sulfate attenuates inflammatory responses in murine macrophages via suppression of NF-κB nuclear translocation. Acta Biomater. 2014 Jun;10(6): 2684-92. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stabler TV, Huang Z, Montell E, et al. Chondroitin sulphate inhibits NF-κB activity induced by interaction of pathogenic and damage associated molecules. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2017 Jan;25(1):166-74. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.08.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stabler TV, Huang Z, Montell E, et al. Chondroitin sulphate inhibits NF-κB activity induced by interaction of pathogenic and damage associated molecules. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2017 Jan;25(1):166-74. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.08.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monfort J, Nacher M, Montell E, et al. Chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid (500-730 kda) inhibit stromelysin-1 synthesis in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2005;31(2):71-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monfort J, Nacher M, Montell E, et al. Chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid (500-730 kda) inhibit stromelysin-1 synthesis in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2005;31(2):71-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maroto M, Fernandez-Morales JC, Padin JF, et al. Chondroitin sulfate, a major component of the perineuronal net, elicits inward currents, cell depolarization, and calcium transients by acting on AMPA and kainate receptors of hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem. 2013 Apr;125(2):205-13. doi:10.1111/jnc.12159.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maroto M, Fernandez-Morales JC, Padin JF, et al. Chondroitin sulfate, a major component of the perineuronal net, elicits inward currents, cell depolarization, and calcium transients by acting on AMPA and kainate receptors of hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem. 2013 Apr;125(2):205-13. doi:10.1111/jnc.12159.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terencio MC, Ferrandiz ML, Carceller MC, et al. Chondroprotective effects of the combination chondroitin sulfate-glucosamine in a model of osteoarthritis induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection in ovariectomised rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016 Apr;79:120-8. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terencio MC, Ferrandiz ML, Carceller MC, et al. Chondroprotective effects of the combination chondroitin sulfate-glucosamine in a model of osteoarthritis induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection in ovariectomised rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016 Apr;79:120-8. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pelletier JP, Raynauld JP, Beaulieu AD, et al. Chondroitin sulfate efficacy versus celecoxib on knee osteoarthritis structural changes using magnetic resonance imaging: a 2-year multicentre exploratory study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016 Nov 3;18(1):256.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pelletier JP, Raynauld JP, Beaulieu AD, et al. Chondroitin sulfate efficacy versus celecoxib on knee osteoarthritis structural changes using magnetic resonance imaging: a 2-year multicentre exploratory study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016 Nov 3;18(1):256.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mö ller I, Gharbi M, Martinez Serrano H, et al. Effect of chondroitin sulfate on soluble biomarkers of osteoarthritis: a method to analyze and interpret the results from an open-label trial in unilateral knee osteoarthritis patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016 Oct 6;17(1):416.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mö ller I, Gharbi M, Martinez Serrano H, et al. Effect of chondroitin sulfate on soluble biomarkers of osteoarthritis: a method to analyze and interpret the results from an open-label trial in unilateral knee osteoarthritis patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016 Oct 6;17(1):416.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monfort J, Pujol J, Contreras-Rodriguez O, et al. Effects of chondroitin sulfate on brain response to painful stimulation in knee osteoarthritis patients. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Med Clin (Barc). 2017 Jun 21;148(12):539-47. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.12.036.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monfort J, Pujol J, Contreras-Rodriguez O, et al. Effects of chondroitin sulfate on brain response to painful stimulation in knee osteoarthritis patients. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Med Clin (Barc). 2017 Jun 21;148(12):539-47. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.12.036.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Segarra S, Martinez-Subiela S, Cerda-Cuellar M, et al. Oral chondroitin sulfate and prebiotics for the treatment of canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. BMC Vet Res. 2016 Mar 10;12:49. doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0676-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Segarra S, Martinez-Subiela S, Cerda-Cuellar M, et al. Oral chondroitin sulfate and prebiotics for the treatment of canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. BMC Vet Res. 2016 Mar 10;12:49. doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0676-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Linares PM, Chaparro M, Algaba A, et al. Effect of Chondroitin Sulphate on ProInflammatory Mediators and Disease Activity in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Digestion. 2015;92(4):203-10. doi: 10.1159/000439522.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Linares PM, Chaparro M, Algaba A, et al. Effect of Chondroitin Sulphate on ProInflammatory Mediators and Disease Activity in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Digestion. 2015;92(4):203-10. doi: 10.1159/000439522.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Melgar-Lesmes P, Garcia-Polite F, Del-Rey-Puech P, et al. Treatment with chondroitin sulfate to modulate inflammation and atherogenesis in obesity. Atherosclerosis. 2016 Feb;245:82-7. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.12.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melgar-Lesmes P, Garcia-Polite F, Del-Rey-Puech P, et al. Treatment with chondroitin sulfate to modulate inflammation and atherogenesis in obesity. Atherosclerosis. 2016 Feb;245:82-7. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.12.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albinana E, Gutierrez-Luengo J, Hernandez-Juarez N, et al. Chondroitin Sulfate Induces Depression of Synaptic Transmission and Modulation of Neuronal Plasticity in Rat Hippocampal Slices. Neural Plast. 2015;2015: 463854. doi: 10.1155/2015/463854.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albinana E, Gutierrez-Luengo J, Hernandez-Juarez N, et al. Chondroitin Sulfate Induces Depression of Synaptic Transmission and Modulation of Neuronal Plasticity in Rat Hippocampal Slices. Neural Plast. 2015;2015: 463854. doi: 10.1155/2015/463854.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verges J, Montell E, Herrero M, et al. Clinical and histopathological improvement of psoriasis with oral chondroitin sulfate: a serendipitous finding. Dermatol Online J. 2005 Mar 1;11(1):31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verges J, Montell E, Herrero M, et al. Clinical and histopathological improvement of psoriasis with oral chondroitin sulfate: a serendipitous finding. Dermatol Online J. 2005 Mar 1;11(1):31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волошин ВП, Еремин АВ, Санкаранараянан СА и др. Исследование эффективности препарата Хондрогард (хондроитина сульфат) у пациентов с остеоартрозом. Русский медицинский журнал. 2015;(10):575-8. [Voloshin VP, Eremin AV, Sankaranarayanan SA, et al. Study of the efficacy of Chondroguard (chondroitin sulphate) in patients with osteoarthritis. Russkii meditsinskii zhurnal. 2015;(10):575-8. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Волошин ВП, Еремин АВ, Санкаранараянан СА и др. Исследование эффективности препарата Хондрогард (хондроитина сульфат) у пациентов с остеоартрозом. Русский медицинский журнал. 2015;(10):575-8. [Voloshin VP, Eremin AV, Sankaranarayanan SA, et al. Study of the efficacy of Chondroguard (chondroitin sulphate) in patients with osteoarthritis. Russkii meditsinskii zhurnal. 2015;(10):575-8. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шарапова ЕП, Кашеварова НГ, Таскина ЕА и др. Исследование эффективности, переносимости и безопасности препарата Хондрогард у пациентов с остеоартрозом коленных суставов и коморбидностью. Фарматека. 2017;(7):46–51. [Sharapova EP, Kashevarova NG, Taskina EA, et al. Study of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of Chondroguard in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joints and comorbidity. Farmateka. 2017;(7):46–51. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Шарапова ЕП, Кашеварова НГ, Таскина ЕА и др. Исследование эффективности, переносимости и безопасности препарата Хондрогард у пациентов с остеоартрозом коленных суставов и коморбидностью. Фарматека. 2017;(7):46–51. [Sharapova EP, Kashevarova NG, Taskina EA, et al. Study of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of Chondroguard in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joints and comorbidity. Farmateka. 2017;(7):46–51. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Удовика МИ. Сравнительная эффективность инъекционных и пероральных симптоматических препаратов медленного действия в терапии первичного и посттравматического остеоартроза коленных суставов. Русский медицинский журнал. 2017;(7): 446-50. [Udovika MI. Comparative effectiveness of injectable and oral symptomatic slow action drugs in the treatment of primary and posttraumatic osteoarthritis of the knee joints. Russkii meditsinskii zhurnal. 2017;(7):446-50. (InRuss.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Удовика МИ. Сравнительная эффективность инъекционных и пероральных симптоматических препаратов медленного действия в терапии первичного и посттравматического остеоартроза коленных суставов. Русский медицинский журнал. 2017;(7): 446-50. [Udovika MI. Comparative effectiveness of injectable and oral symptomatic slow action drugs in the treatment of primary and posttraumatic osteoarthritis of the knee joints. Russkii meditsinskii zhurnal. 2017;(7):446-50. (InRuss.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh G, Alekseeva L, Alekseev V, et al. Combination treatment with glucosamine-chondroitin sulfate reduces pain, disability and NSAID consumption in patients with chronic low back pain: final results from a large, community based, pilot, open prospective interventional study. Scientific Abstracts. 12 June 2014. P. 300. THU0341</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh G, Alekseeva L, Alekseev V, et al. Combination treatment with glucosamine-chondroitin sulfate reduces pain, disability and NSAID consumption in patients with chronic low back pain: final results from a large, community based, pilot, open prospective interventional study. Scientific Abstracts. 12 June 2014. P. 300. THU0341</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
