nnpNeurology, Neuropsychiatry, PsychosomaticsНеврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика2074-27112310-1342"IMA-Press", LLC10.14412/2074-2711-2017-1S-78-83nnp-732Research ArticleREVIEWSОБЗОРЫStigmatization of patients with epilepsyСтигматизация пациентов с эпилепсиейПарфеноваЕ. В.ParfenovaE. V.

115419 Москва, ул. Донская, 43

43, Donskaya St., Moscow 115419

helen41131@rambler.ruРидерФ. К.RiderF. K.

115419 Москва, ул. Донская, 43

43, Donskaya St., Moscow 115419

ГерсамияА. Г.GersamiaA. G.

115419 Москва, ул. Донская, 43

43, Donskaya St., Moscow 115419

ГБУЗ «Научно-практический психоневрологический центр им. З.П. Соловьева Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»РоссияZ.P. Solovyev Research and Practical Center of Psychoneurology, Moscow Healthcare DepartmentRussian Federation20171406201791SSPECIAL ISSUE: EPILEPSY7883Copyright © Parfenova E.V., Rider F.K., Gersamia A.G., 20172017Парфенова Е.В., Ридер Ф.К., Герсамия А.Г.Parfenova E.V., Rider F.K., Gersamia A.G.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/732

The paper gives an update on the impact of stigmatization on the quality of life and daily activity of patients with epilepsy. The cognitive beliefs of society and patients, which are associated with the etiology and course of the disease, are considered. Cultural and gender differences in the perception of epilepsy are pointed out.

Представлены современные данные о влиянии стигматизации на качество жизни и повседневную активность пациентов с эпилепсией. Рассмотрена тема когнитивных убеждений общества и пациентов, связанных с этиологией и течением заболевания. Указаны культурные и гендерные различия в восприятии эпилепсии.

эпилепсиястигматизациясамостигматизациякачество жизниepilepsystigmatizationself-stigmatizationquality of lifeReferencesDe Boer HM, Mula M, Sander JW. The global burden and stigma of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;12(4):540-6. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.12.019De Boer HM, Mula M, Sander JW. The global burden and stigma of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;12(4):540-6. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.12.019Heaney DC, MacDonald BK, Everitt A, et al. Socioeconomic variation in incidence of epilepsy: prospective community based study in south east England. BMJ. 2002;325:1013-6. doi: 10.1136/bmj.325.7371.1013Heaney DC, MacDonald BK, Everitt A, et al. Socioeconomic variation in incidence of epilepsy: prospective community based study in south east England. BMJ. 2002;325:1013-6. doi: 10.1136/bmj.325.7371.1013Jacoby A, Snape D, Baker GA. Epilepsy and social identity: the stigma of a chronic neurological disorder. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:171-8. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70020-XJacoby A, Snape D, Baker GA. Epilepsy and social identity: the stigma of a chronic neurological disorder. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:171-8. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70020-XРотштейн BГ, Богдан МН. Основы психиатрической грамотности. Москва: Качество жизни; 2010 [Rotshtein BG, Bogdan MN. Osnovy psikhiatricheskoi gramotnosti [Fundamentals of psychiatric literacy]. Moscow: Kachestvo zhizni; 2010].Ротштейн BГ, Богдан МН. Основы психиатрической грамотности. Москва: Качество жизни; 2010 [Rotshtein BG, Bogdan MN. Osnovy psikhiatricheskoi gramotnosti [Fundamentals of psychiatric literacy]. Moscow: Kachestvo zhizni; 2010].Тюменкова ГВ. Стигматизация больных эпилепсией: Автореф. дисс. … канд. мед. наук. Москва; 2003. 21 с. [Tyumenkova GV. Stigmatizatsiya bol'nykh epilepsiei: Avtoref. diss. ... kand. med. nauk [Stigmatization of patients with epilepsy: Author's abstract. Diss. ... Cand. Med. Sci.]. Moscow; 2003. 21 p.].Тюменкова ГВ. Стигматизация больных эпилепсией: Автореф. дисс. … канд. мед. наук. Москва; 2003. 21 с. [Tyumenkova GV. Stigmatizatsiya bol'nykh epilepsiei: Avtoref. diss. ... kand. med. nauk [Stigmatization of patients with epilepsy: Author's abstract. Diss. ... Cand. Med. Sci.]. Moscow; 2003. 21 p.].Goffman E. Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 1963.Goffman E. Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 1963.Wright, Physical Disability – A Psychological Approach. New York: Harper & Row; 1960.Wright, Physical Disability – A Psychological Approach. New York: Harper & Row; 1960.Weiss MG, Ramakrishna J. Stigma interventions and research for international health. Lancet. 2006;367(9509):536-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68189-0Weiss MG, Ramakrishna J. Stigma interventions and research for international health. Lancet. 2006;367(9509):536-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68189-0Кнуф А, Эпов ЛЮ. Стигма: теория и практика. Знание. Понимание. Умение. 2006;2:149-53 [Knuf A, Epov LYu. Stigma: Theory and Practice. Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie. 2006;2:149-53 (In Russ.)].Кнуф А, Эпов ЛЮ. Стигма: теория и практика. Знание. Понимание. Умение. 2006;2:149-53 [Knuf A, Epov LYu. Stigma: Theory and Practice. Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie. 2006;2:149-53 (In Russ.)].Muhlbauer S. Experience of stigma by families with mentally ill members. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2002;8:76-83. doi: 10.1067/mpn.2002.125222Muhlbauer S. Experience of stigma by families with mentally ill members. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2002;8:76-83. doi: 10.1067/mpn.2002.125222Baker GA, Brooks J, Buck D, et al. The stigma of epilepsy: a European perspective. Epilepsia. 1999;41:98-104. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb01512.xBaker GA, Brooks J, Buck D, et al. The stigma of epilepsy: a European perspective. Epilepsia. 1999;41:98-104. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb01512.xLee SA, Yoo HJ, Lee BI. Factors contributing to the stigma of epilepsy. Seizure. 2005;14:157-63. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2005.01.001Lee SA, Yoo HJ, Lee BI. Factors contributing to the stigma of epilepsy. Seizure. 2005;14:157-63. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2005.01.001Li LM, Sander JW. [National demonstration project on epilepsy in Brazil]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2003;61(1):153-6 (In Portug.). doi: 10.1590/S0004-282X2003000100033Li LM, Sander JW. [National demonstration project on epilepsy in Brazil]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2003;61(1):153-6 (In Portug.). doi: 10.1590/S0004-282X2003000100033Leaffer EB, Hesdorffer DC, Begley C. Psychosocial sociodemographic associates of felt stigma in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;37:104-9. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.06.006Leaffer EB, Hesdorffer DC, Begley C. Psychosocial sociodemographic associates of felt stigma in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;37:104-9. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.06.006Aydemir N, Еzkara C, Жnsal P, Canbeyli R. A comparative study of health related quality of life, psychological well-being, impact of illness and stigma in epilepsy and migraine. Seizure. 2011;20:679-85. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2011.06.017Aydemir N, Еzkara C, Жnsal P, Canbeyli R. A comparative study of health related quality of life, psychological well-being, impact of illness and stigma in epilepsy and migraine. Seizure. 2011;20:679-85. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2011.06.017Jalava M, Sillanpaa M, Camfield C, Camfield P. Social adjustment and competence 35 years after onset of childhood epilepsy: a prospective controlled study. Epilepsia. 1997;38(6):708-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01241.xJalava M, Sillanpaa M, Camfield C, Camfield P. Social adjustment and competence 35 years after onset of childhood epilepsy: a prospective controlled study. Epilepsia. 1997;38(6):708-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01241.xKanner AM, Palac S. Depression in epilepsy: a common but often unrecognized comorbid malady. Epilepsy Behav. 2000;1(1):37-51. doi: 10.1006/ebeh.2000.0030Kanner AM, Palac S. Depression in epilepsy: a common but often unrecognized comorbid malady. Epilepsy Behav. 2000;1(1):37-51. doi: 10.1006/ebeh.2000.0030Chesaniuk M, Choi H, Wicks P, et al. Perceived stigma and adherence in epilepsy: evidence for a link and mediating processes. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;41:227-31. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.10.004Chesaniuk M, Choi H, Wicks P, et al. Perceived stigma and adherence in epilepsy: evidence for a link and mediating processes. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;41:227-31. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.10.004Sabatello M, Phelan JS. Genetic causal attribution of epilepsy and its implications for felt stigma. Epilepsia. 2015 Oct;56(10):1542-50. doi: 10.1111/epi.13113Sabatello M, Phelan JS. Genetic causal attribution of epilepsy and its implications for felt stigma. Epilepsia. 2015 Oct;56(10):1542-50. doi: 10.1111/epi.13113Westbrook LE, Bauman LJ, Shinnar S. Applying stigma theory to epilepsy: a test of a conceptual model. J Pediatr Psychol. 1992;17(5):633-49. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/17.5.633Westbrook LE, Bauman LJ, Shinnar S. Applying stigma theory to epilepsy: a test of a conceptual model. J Pediatr Psychol. 1992;17(5):633-49. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/17.5.633Heimlich TE, Westbrook LE, Austin JK, et al. Brief report: Adolescents' attitudes toward epilepsy: Further validation of the Child Attitude Toward Illness Scale (CATIS). J Pediatr Psychol. 2000;25(5):339-45. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/25.5.339Heimlich TE, Westbrook LE, Austin JK, et al. Brief report: Adolescents' attitudes toward epilepsy: Further validation of the Child Attitude Toward Illness Scale (CATIS). J Pediatr Psychol. 2000;25(5):339-45. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/25.5.339Scambler G, Hopkins A. Generating a model of epileptic stigma: the role of qualitative analysis. Soc Sci Med. 1990;30(11):1187-94. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(90)90258-TScambler G, Hopkins A. Generating a model of epileptic stigma: the role of qualitative analysis. Soc Sci Med. 1990;30(11):1187-94. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(90)90258-TScambler G, Hopkins A. Being epileptic: coming to terms with stigma. Sociol Health Illn 1986;8:26-43. doi: 10.1111/1467-9566.ep11346455Scambler G, Hopkins A. Being epileptic: coming to terms with stigma. Sociol Health Illn 1986;8:26-43. doi: 10.1111/1467-9566.ep11346455Baker GA. Assessment of quality of life in people with epilepsy: some practical implications. Epilepsia. 2001;42:66-9. doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.042suppl.3066.xBaker GA. Assessment of quality of life in people with epilepsy: some practical implications. Epilepsia. 2001;42:66-9. doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.042suppl.3066.xGoldstein J, Seidenberg M, Peterson R. Fear of seizures and behavioural functioning in adults with epilepsy. J Epilepsy. 1990;3(2):101-6. doi: 10.1016/0896-6974(90)90158-UGoldstein J, Seidenberg M, Peterson R. Fear of seizures and behavioural functioning in adults with epilepsy. J Epilepsy. 1990;3(2):101-6. doi: 10.1016/0896-6974(90)90158-UMittan RJ. Fear of seizures. In: Whitman S, Hermann BP, editors. Psychopathology in epilepsy: social dimensions. New York: Oxford University Press; 1986. P. 90-121.Mittan RJ. Fear of seizures. In: Whitman S, Hermann BP, editors. Psychopathology in epilepsy: social dimensions. New York: Oxford University Press; 1986. P. 90-121.Aydemir N. Investigation of psycho-social factors and changes in the attributions toward epilepsy in patients with epilepsy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Istanbul: Istanbul University; 2008.Aydemir N. Investigation of psycho-social factors and changes in the attributions toward epilepsy in patients with epilepsy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Istanbul: Istanbul University; 2008.Dawkins JL, Crawford PM, Stammers TG. Epilepsy: a general practice study of knowledge and attitudes among sufferers and non-sufferers. Br J GenPract. 1993;43:453-7.Dawkins JL, Crawford PM, Stammers TG. Epilepsy: a general practice study of knowledge and attitudes among sufferers and non-sufferers. Br J GenPract. 1993;43:453-7.Long L, Reeves AL, Moore JL, et al. An assessment of epilepsy patients' knowledge of their disorder. Epilepsia. 2000;41:727-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00235.xLong L, Reeves AL, Moore JL, et al. An assessment of epilepsy patients' knowledge of their disorder. Epilepsia. 2000;41:727-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00235.xDoughty J, Baker GA, Jacoby A, Lavaud V. Cross-cultural differences in levels of knowledge about epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2003;44:115-23. doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.34402.xDoughty J, Baker GA, Jacoby A, Lavaud V. Cross-cultural differences in levels of knowledge about epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2003;44:115-23. doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.34402.xChoi-Kwon S, Kim EK, Youn SM, et al. Common misconceptions in people with epilepsy. J Clin Neurol. 2006 Sep;2(3):186-93. doi: 10.3988/jcn.2006.2.3.186Choi-Kwon S, Kim EK, Youn SM, et al. Common misconceptions in people with epilepsy. J Clin Neurol. 2006 Sep;2(3):186-93. doi: 10.3988/jcn.2006.2.3.186Elliott J, Shneker B. Patient, caregiver, and health care practitioner knowledge of, beliefs about, and attitudes toward epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;12:547-56. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.11.008Elliott J, Shneker B. Patient, caregiver, and health care practitioner knowledge of, beliefs about, and attitudes toward epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;12:547-56. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.11.008Kobau R, DiIoriob C. Epilepsy selfmanagement: a comparison of self-efficacy and outcome expectancy for medication adherence and lifestyle behaviors among people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4:217-25. doi: 10.1016/S1525-5050(03)00057-XKobau R, DiIoriob C. Epilepsy selfmanagement: a comparison of self-efficacy and outcome expectancy for medication adherence and lifestyle behaviors among people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4:217-25. doi: 10.1016/S1525-5050(03)00057-XGuo W, Wu J. The stigma of people with epilepsy is demonstrated at the internalized, interpersonal and institutional level in a specific socio-cultural context: findings from an ethnographic study in rural China. Epilepsy Behav. 2012 Oct;25(2):282-8. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.08.013Guo W, Wu J. The stigma of people with epilepsy is demonstrated at the internalized, interpersonal and institutional level in a specific socio-cultural context: findings from an ethnographic study in rural China. Epilepsy Behav. 2012 Oct;25(2):282-8. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.08.013Viteva E. Stigmatization of patients with epilepsy: a review of the current problem and assessment of the perceived stigma in Bulgarian patients. Epilepsy Behav. 2012;25:239-43. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.07.018Viteva E. Stigmatization of patients with epilepsy: a review of the current problem and assessment of the perceived stigma in Bulgarian patients. Epilepsy Behav. 2012;25:239-43. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.07.018Choi EJ, Lee SA, Jo KD, et al. Factors contributing to concerns of persons living with epilepsy. Seizure. 2011;20(1):14-7. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2010.09.010Choi EJ, Lee SA, Jo KD, et al. Factors contributing to concerns of persons living with epilepsy. Seizure. 2011;20(1):14-7. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2010.09.010Rafael F, Houinato D, Nubukpo P, et al. Sociocultural and psychological features of perceived stigma reported by people with epilepsy in Benin. Epilepsia. 2010;51:1061-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02511.xRafael F, Houinato D, Nubukpo P, et al. Sociocultural and psychological features of perceived stigma reported by people with epilepsy in Benin. Epilepsia. 2010;51:1061-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02511.xMacLeod JS, Austin JK. Stigma in the lives of adolescents with epilepsy: a review of the literature. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4:112-7. doi: 10.1016/S1525-5050(03)00007-6MacLeod JS, Austin JK. Stigma in the lives of adolescents with epilepsy: a review of the literature. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4:112-7. doi: 10.1016/S1525-5050(03)00007-6Smith M. Psychosocial comorbidity in epilepsy. Adv Neurol. 2006;97:333-7.Smith M. Psychosocial comorbidity in epilepsy. Adv Neurol. 2006;97:333-7.Seo JG, Kim JM, Park SP. Perceived stigma is a critical factor for interictal aggression in people with epilepsy. Seizure. 2015;26:26-31. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2015.01.011Seo JG, Kim JM, Park SP. Perceived stigma is a critical factor for interictal aggression in people with epilepsy. Seizure. 2015;26:26-31. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2015.01.011Михайлов ВА. Качество жизни, стигматизация и восстановительная терапия больных эпилепсией: Автореф. дисс. … докт. мед. наук. Санкт-Петербург; 2008. 52 с. [Mikhailov VA. Kachestvo zhizni, stigmatizatsiya i vosstanovitel'naya terapiya bol'nykh epilepsiei: Avtoref. diss. … dokt. med. nauk [Quality of life, stigmatization and rehabilitation therapy of patients with epilepsy: Author's abstract. Diss. ... Doct. Med. Sci.]. St. Petersburg; 2008. 52 p.].Михайлов ВА. Качество жизни, стигматизация и восстановительная терапия больных эпилепсией: Автореф. дисс. … докт. мед. наук. Санкт-Петербург; 2008. 52 с. [Mikhailov VA. Kachestvo zhizni, stigmatizatsiya i vosstanovitel'naya terapiya bol'nykh epilepsiei: Avtoref. diss. … dokt. med. nauk [Quality of life, stigmatization and rehabilitation therapy of patients with epilepsy: Author's abstract. Diss. ... Doct. Med. Sci.]. St. Petersburg; 2008. 52 p.].Kurzban R, Leary MR. Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: the functions of social exclusion. Psychol Bull. 2001;127:187-208. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.187Kurzban R, Leary MR. Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: the functions of social exclusion. Psychol Bull. 2001;127:187-208. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.187Kerr MP, Mensah S, Besag F, et al. International consensus clinical practice statements for the treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions associated with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011;52: 2133-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03276.xKerr MP, Mensah S, Besag F, et al. International consensus clinical practice statements for the treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions associated with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011;52: 2133-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03276.xBielen I, Zobic I, Sruk A, et al. Changes of attitudes toward epilepsy in college-preparatory high school students population: an indicator of global campaign successfulness? Seizure. 2012; 21:775-9. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2012.09.002Bielen I, Zobic I, Sruk A, et al. Changes of attitudes toward epilepsy in college-preparatory high school students population: an indicator of global campaign successfulness? Seizure. 2012; 21:775-9. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2012.09.002Fatovic-Ferencic S, Dü rrigl MA. The sacred disease and its patron saint. Epilepsy Behav. 2001;2:370-3. doi: 10.1006/ebeh.2001.0199Fatovic-Ferencic S, Dü rrigl MA. The sacred disease and its patron saint. Epilepsy Behav. 2001;2:370-3. doi: 10.1006/ebeh.2001.0199Friedrich L, Taslak M, Tomasovic S, Bielen I. How does the label «epileptic» influence attitudes toward epilepsy? Seizure. 2015;33: 54-9. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2015.10.012Friedrich L, Taslak M, Tomasovic S, Bielen I. How does the label «epileptic» influence attitudes toward epilepsy? Seizure. 2015;33: 54-9. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2015.10.012Amir M, Roziner I, Knoll A, Neufeld MY. Self-efficacy and social support as mediators in the relation between disease severity and quality of life in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1999;40(2):216-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02078.xAmir M, Roziner I, Knoll A, Neufeld MY. Self-efficacy and social support as mediators in the relation between disease severity and quality of life in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1999;40(2):216-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02078.xSaburi GL, Mapanga KG, Mapanga MB. Perceived family reactions and quality of life of adults with epilepsy. J Neurosci Nurs. 2006;38(3): 156-65. doi: 10.1097/01376517-200606000-00004Saburi GL, Mapanga KG, Mapanga MB. Perceived family reactions and quality of life of adults with epilepsy. J Neurosci Nurs. 2006;38(3): 156-65. doi: 10.1097/01376517-200606000-00004Kobau R, Zahran H, Grant D, et al. Prevalence of active epilepsy and health-related quality of life among adults with selfreported epilepsy in California: California Health Interview Survey, 2003. Epilepsia. 2007;48(10): 1904-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01161.xKobau R, Zahran H, Grant D, et al. Prevalence of active epilepsy and health-related quality of life among adults with selfreported epilepsy in California: California Health Interview Survey, 2003. Epilepsia. 2007;48(10): 1904-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01161.xGrant I. The social environment and neurological disease. Adv Psychosom Med. 1985;13: 26-48. doi: 10.1159/000411298Grant I. The social environment and neurological disease. Adv Psychosom Med. 1985;13: 26-48. doi: 10.1159/000411298Meiser B, Mitchell PB, Kasparian NA, et al. Attitudes towards childbearing, causal attributions for bipolar disorder and psychological distress: a study of families with multiple cases of bipolar disorder. Psychol Med. 2007; 37:1601-11. doi: 10.1017/S0033291707000852Meiser B, Mitchell PB, Kasparian NA, et al. Attitudes towards childbearing, causal attributions for bipolar disorder and psychological distress: a study of families with multiple cases of bipolar disorder. Psychol Med. 2007; 37:1601-11. doi: 10.1017/S0033291707000852Elafros MA, Sakubita-Simasiku C, Atadzhanov M, et al. Stigma and psychiatric morbidity among mothers of children with epilepsy in Zambia. Int Health. 2013;5:288-94. doi: 10.1093/inthealth/iht028Elafros MA, Sakubita-Simasiku C, Atadzhanov M, et al. Stigma and psychiatric morbidity among mothers of children with epilepsy in Zambia. Int Health. 2013;5:288-94. doi: 10.1093/inthealth/iht028Семакина НВ, Михайлов ВА, Багаев ВИ. Оценка качества жизни в семьях детей, страдающих эпилепсией. Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологи. 2012;4:73 [Semakina NV, Mikhailov VA, Bagaev VI. Assessment of the quality of life in the families of children with epilepsy. Obozrenie Psikhiatrii i Meditsinskoi Psikhologi. 2012;4:73 (In Russ.)].Семакина НВ, Михайлов ВА, Багаев ВИ. Оценка качества жизни в семьях детей, страдающих эпилепсией. Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологи. 2012;4:73 [Semakina NV, Mikhailov VA, Bagaev VI. Assessment of the quality of life in the families of children with epilepsy. Obozrenie Psikhiatrii i Meditsinskoi Psikhologi. 2012;4:73 (In Russ.)].Wolff S. Children under stress. London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press; 1969.Wolff S. Children under stress. London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press; 1969.Aydemir N, Dang VuT, Snape D, et al. Multiple impacts of epilepsy and contributing factors: ethnographic study of Vietnam. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;16:512-20. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.09.005Aydemir N, Dang VuT, Snape D, et al. Multiple impacts of epilepsy and contributing factors: ethnographic study of Vietnam. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;16:512-20. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.09.005Fisher RS, Vickery BG, Gibson P, et al. The impact of epilepsy from the patient's perspective. I. Description and subjective perceptions. Epilepsy Res. 2000;41:39-51. doi: 10.1016/S0920-1211(00)00126-1Fisher RS, Vickery BG, Gibson P, et al. The impact of epilepsy from the patient's perspective. I. Description and subjective perceptions. Epilepsy Res. 2000;41:39-51. doi: 10.1016/S0920-1211(00)00126-1Ak PD, Atakli D, Yuksel B, et al. Stigmatization and social impacts of epilepsy in Turkey. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;50:50-4. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.05.014Ak PD, Atakli D, Yuksel B, et al. Stigmatization and social impacts of epilepsy in Turkey. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;50:50-4. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.05.014Austin JK, Perkins SM, Dunn DW. Model for internalized stigma in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2014 Jul;36: 74-9. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.04.020Austin JK, Perkins SM, Dunn DW. Model for internalized stigma in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2014 Jul;36: 74-9. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.04.020Cheung C, Wirrell E. Adolescents' perception of epilepsy compared with other chronic diseases: «through a teenager's eyes». J Child Neurol. 2006;21(3):214-22. PubMed PMID: 16901423.Cheung C, Wirrell E. Adolescents' perception of epilepsy compared with other chronic diseases: «through a teenager's eyes». J Child Neurol. 2006;21(3):214-22. PubMed PMID: 16901423.Schneider JW, Conrad P. In the closet with illness: epilepsy, stigma potential and information control. Social Probl. 1980;28:32-44. doi: 10.2307/800379Schneider JW, Conrad P. In the closet with illness: epilepsy, stigma potential and information control. Social Probl. 1980;28:32-44. doi: 10.2307/800379Turky A, Beavis JM, Thapar AK, Kerr MP. Psychopathology in children and adolescents with epilepsy: an investigation of predictive variables. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;12:136-44. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.08.003Turky A, Beavis JM, Thapar AK, Kerr MP. Psychopathology in children and adolescents with epilepsy: an investigation of predictive variables. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;12:136-44. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.08.003Dunn DW. Neuropsychiatric aspects of epilepsy in children. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4: 101-6. doi: 10.1016/S1525-5050(03)00022-2Dunn DW. Neuropsychiatric aspects of epilepsy in children. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4: 101-6. doi: 10.1016/S1525-5050(03)00022-2Wang W, Zhao D, Wu J, et al. Changes in knowledge, attitude, and practice of people with epilepsy and their families after an intervention in rural China. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;16:76-9. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.06.027Wang W, Zhao D, Wu J, et al. Changes in knowledge, attitude, and practice of people with epilepsy and their families after an intervention in rural China. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;16:76-9. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.06.027Baker GA, Jacoby A, de Boer H, et al. Patients' understanding of and adjustment to epilepsy: interim findings from a European survey. Epilepsia. 1999;40 Suppl 9:S26-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02091.xBaker GA, Jacoby A, de Boer H, et al. Patients' understanding of and adjustment to epilepsy: interim findings from a European survey. Epilepsia. 1999;40 Suppl 9:S26-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02091.xJacoby A. Stigma, epilepsy, and quality of life. Epilepsy Behav. 2002;3:10-20. doi: 10.1016/S1525-5050(02)00545-0Jacoby A. Stigma, epilepsy, and quality of life. Epilepsy Behav. 2002;3:10-20. doi: 10.1016/S1525-5050(02)00545-0Njamnshi AK, Bissek AC, Yepnjio FN, et al. A community survey of knowledge, perceptions, and practice with respect to epilepsy among traditional healers in the Batibo Health District, Cameroon. Epilepsy Behav. 2010;17: 95-102. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.10.018Njamnshi AK, Bissek AC, Yepnjio FN, et al. A community survey of knowledge, perceptions, and practice with respect to epilepsy among traditional healers in the Batibo Health District, Cameroon. Epilepsy Behav. 2010;17: 95-102. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.10.018Jacoby A, Austin J. Social stigma for adults and children with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007;48 Suppl 9:6-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01391.xJacoby A, Austin J. Social stigma for adults and children with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007;48 Suppl 9:6-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01391.xSnape D, Wang W, Wu J, et al. Knowledge gaps and uncertainties about epilepsy: Findings from an ethnographic study in China. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14:172-8. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.09.031Snape D, Wang W, Wu J, et al. Knowledge gaps and uncertainties about epilepsy: Findings from an ethnographic study in China. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14:172-8. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.09.031Phelan JC. Geneticization of deviant behavior and consequences for stigma: the case of mental illness. J Health Soc Behav. 2005;46: 307-22. doi: 10.1177/002214650504600401Phelan JC. Geneticization of deviant behavior and consequences for stigma: the case of mental illness. J Health Soc Behav. 2005;46: 307-22. doi: 10.1177/002214650504600401Pescosolido BA, Martin JK, Long JS, et al. «A disease like any other?» a decade of change in public reactions to schizophrenia, depression, and alcohol dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:1321-30. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09121743Pescosolido BA, Martin JK, Long JS, et al. «A disease like any other?» a decade of change in public reactions to schizophrenia, depression, and alcohol dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:1321-30. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09121743Phelan JC. Genetic bases of mental illness – a cure for stigma? Trends Neurosci. 2002;25: 430-1. doi: 10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02209-9Phelan JC. Genetic bases of mental illness – a cure for stigma? Trends Neurosci. 2002;25: 430-1. doi: 10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02209-9Tuft M, Nakken KO. Epilepsy and stigma in popular music. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2014 Dec 9;134(23-24):2290-3. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.0873Tuft M, Nakken KO. Epilepsy and stigma in popular music. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2014 Dec 9;134(23-24):2290-3. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.0873Fernandes PT, de Barros NF, Li LM. Stop saying epileptic. Epilepsia. 2009;50:1280-3. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01899.x.Fernandes PT, de Barros NF, Li LM. Stop saying epileptic. Epilepsia. 2009;50:1280-3. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01899.x.Wenzhi W, personal communication.Wenzhi W, personal communication.Baumann RJ, Wilson JF, Wiese HJ. Kentuckians' attitudes toward children with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1995;36(10):1003-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb00959.xBaumann RJ, Wilson JF, Wiese HJ. Kentuckians' attitudes toward children with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1995;36(10):1003-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb00959.xSontag S. AIDS and its metaphors. NewYork: Farrar; 1988.Sontag S. AIDS and its metaphors. NewYork: Farrar; 1988.McNelis A, Musick B, Austin JK, et al. Psychosocial care needs of children with newonset seizures. 2. J Neurosci Nurs. 1998;30(3): 161-5. doi: 10.1097/01376517-199806000-00003McNelis A, Musick B, Austin JK, et al. Psychosocial care needs of children with newonset seizures. 2. J Neurosci Nurs. 1998;30(3): 161-5. doi: 10.1097/01376517-199806000-00003Eklund P, Sivberg B. Adolescents' lived experience of epilepsy. J Neurosci Nursing.Eklund P, Sivberg B. Adolescents' lived experience of epilepsy. J Neurosci Nursing.;35(1):40-9. doi: 10.1097/01376517-200302000-00008;35(1):40-9. doi: 10.1097/01376517-200302000-00008Власов ПН, Шахабасова ЗС, Ялтонский ВМ. Восприятие социальной поддержки у взрослых больных эпилепсией на фоне рациональной противоэпилептической терапии. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2012;4(1S):20-4 [Vlasov PN, Shakhabasova ZS, Yaltonsky VM. Adult epileptic patients’ perception of social support during rational antiepileptic therapy. Nevrologiya, Neiropsikhiatriya, Psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2012;4(1S):20-4 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2012-2493Власов ПН, Шахабасова ЗС, Ялтонский ВМ. Восприятие социальной поддержки у взрослых больных эпилепсией на фоне рациональной противоэпилептической терапии. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2012;4(1S):20-4 [Vlasov PN, Shakhabasova ZS, Yaltonsky VM. Adult epileptic patients’ perception of social support during rational antiepileptic therapy. Nevrologiya, Neiropsikhiatriya, Psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2012;4(1S):20-4 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2012-2493Shore CP, Buelow JM, Austin JK, Johnson CS. Continuing psychosocial care needs in children with new-onset epilepsy and their parents. J Neurosci Nurs. 2009;41(5):244-50. doi: 10.1097/JNN.0b013e3181b2c721Shore CP, Buelow JM, Austin JK, Johnson CS. Continuing psychosocial care needs in children with new-onset epilepsy and their parents. J Neurosci Nurs. 2009;41(5):244-50. doi: 10.1097/JNN.0b013e3181b2c721Austin JK. Concerns and fears of children with seizures. Clin Nurs Pract Epilepsy. 1993;1(4):4-6 [PubMed: 8156129].Austin JK. Concerns and fears of children with seizures. Clin Nurs Pract Epilepsy. 1993;1(4):4-6 [PubMed: 8156129].Brabcova D, Lovasova V, Kohout J, et al. Improving the knowledge of epilepsy and reducing epilepsy-related stigma among children using educational video and educational drama – a comparison of the effectiveness of both interventions. Seizure. 2013 22(3):179-84. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2012.11.017Brabcova D, Lovasova V, Kohout J, et al. Improving the knowledge of epilepsy and reducing epilepsy-related stigma among children using educational video and educational drama – a comparison of the effectiveness of both interventions. Seizure. 2013 22(3):179-84. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2012.11.017Ellis N, Upton D, Thompson P. Epilepsy and the family: a review of current literature. Seizure. 2000;9:22-30. doi: 10.1053/seiz.1999.0353Ellis N, Upton D, Thompson P. Epilepsy and the family: a review of current literature. Seizure. 2000;9:22-30. doi: 10.1053/seiz.1999.0353Keulers BJ, Welters CF, Spauwen PH, Houpt P. Can face-to-face patient education be replaced by computer-based patient education? A randomised trial. Patient EducCouns 2007;67: 176-82. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2007.03.012Keulers BJ, Welters CF, Spauwen PH, Houpt P. Can face-to-face patient education be replaced by computer-based patient education? A randomised trial. Patient EducCouns 2007;67: 176-82. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2007.03.012Thompson PJ, Upton D. The impact of chronic epilepsy on the family. Seizure. 1992; 1(1):43-8. doi: 10.1016/1059-1311(92)90054-5Thompson PJ, Upton D. The impact of chronic epilepsy on the family. Seizure. 1992; 1(1):43-8. doi: 10.1016/1059-1311(92)90054-5Fernandes PT, Cabral P, Araujo U, et al. Kids' perception about epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2005;6(4):601-3. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.02.011Fernandes PT, Cabral P, Araujo U, et al. Kids' perception about epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2005;6(4):601-3. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.02.011

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.