<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-2711-2015-2-56-60</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-513</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Major diseases manifesting by vestibular vertigo: Treatment and rehabilitation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Лечение и реабилитация основных заболеваний, проявляющихся вестибулярным головокружением</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Парфенов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Parfenov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">vladimirparfenov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антоненко</surname><given-names>Л. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Antonenko</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Клиника нервных болезней им. А.Я. Кожевникова, кафедра нервных болезней и нейрохирургии лечебного факультета ГБОУ ВПО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия 119021, Москва, ул. Россолимо, 11</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.Ya. Kozhevnikov Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, Department of Nervous System Diseases and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Therapeutics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia 11, Rossolimo St., Moscow 119021</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>06</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>56</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Parfenov V.A., Antonenko L.M., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Парфенов В.А., Антоненко Л.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Parfenov V.A., Antonenko L.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/513">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/513</self-uri><abstract><p>Betahistine hydrochloride is the drug of choice for the treatment of vestibular vertigo in the presence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Meniere's disease, and vestibular neuronitis. Effective combination therapy regimens that contain, along with drugs from other pharmacological groups, betahistine hydrochloride that improves blood circulation in the vestibular structures, accelerates vestibular compensation, and prevents recurrent dizzy spells, have been elaborated to treat central vestibular vertigo in migraine-associated dizziness and in acute cerebrovascular accident. Of great importance is a combination of drug therapy and the current rehabilitation methods for vestibular diseases, which contribute to prompter and complete recovery of vestibular function. Biofeedback instrumental rehabilitation techniques using a stabilographic platformare highly effective. Successful treatment depends on the correctness of the established diagnosis. The diagnosis of peripheral and central vestibular vertigo frequently poses challenges. The essential reason for this is physicians’ unawareness about outpatient methods for the diagnosis of major vestibular diseases when the patient is at a doctor. It is important to follow a vestibular system study protocol since the use and correct assessment of diagnostic tests in most cases make it possible to estimate the degree of vestibular analyzer injury and to make an accurate diagnosis. The paper describes the diseases that are the most common causes of vestibular vertigo. The most effective methods for their treatment and current rehabilitation methods are discussed.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Наиболее эффективным методом лечения вестибулярного головокружения при доброкачественном пароксизмальном позиционном головокружении, болезни Меньера, вестибулярном нейроните является применение бетагистина гидрохлорида (Бетасерк®). Длялечения центрального вестибулярного головокружения при мигрень-ассоциированном головокружении, остром нарушении мозгового кровообращения разработаны эффективные схемы комплексной терапии, включающие наряду с препаратами других фармакологических групп бетагистина гидрохлорид, который улучшает кровообращение вестибулярных структур, способствует ускорению вестибулярной компенсации и профилактике повторных приступов головокружения. Большое значение имеет сочетание медикаментозной терапии с применением современных методов реабилитации заболеваний вестибулярной системы, которые способствуют более быстрому и полному восстановлению вестибулярной функции. Высокоэффективны методы аппаратной реабилитации на стабилографической платформе с биологической обратной связью. Успех лечения зависит от правильности поставленного диагноза. Диагностика периферического и центрального вестибулярного головокружения часто вызывает трудности. Существенная причина этого – неосведомленность врачей о методах диагностики основных вестибулярных заболеваний на амбулаторном приеме. Важным является соблюдение протокола исследования вестибулярной системы, поскольку использование и правильная оценка диагностических проб в большинстве случаев позволяют определить уровень поражения вестибулярного анализатора и поставить правильный диагноз. В статье описаны заболевания, являющиеся наиболее частыми причинами вестибулярного головокружения. Обсуждаются наиболее эффективные методы их лечения и современные реабилитационные методики.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>доброкачественное пароксизмальное позиционное головокружение</kwd><kwd>болезнь Меньера</kwd><kwd>вестибулярный нейронит</kwd><kwd>мигрень-ассоциированное головокружение</kwd><kwd>церебральный исульт</kwd><kwd>бетагистина гидрохлорид</kwd><kwd>вестибулярная реабилитация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>benign paroxysmal positional vertigo</kwd><kwd>Meniere's disease</kwd><kwd>vestibular neuronitis</kwd><kwd>migraine-associated dizziness</kwd><kwd>stroke</kwd><kwd>betahistine hydrochloride</kwd><kwd>vestibular rehabilitation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Морозова СВ, Зайцева ОВ, Налетова НА. Головокружение как медико-социальная проблема. Русский Медицинский Журнал. 2002;(4):164. [Morozova SV, Zaitseva OV, Naletova NA. Dizziness as a health and social problem. Russkii Meditsinskii Zhurnal. 2002;(4):164 (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Морозова СВ, Зайцева ОВ, Налетова НА. Головокружение как медико-социальная проблема. Русский Медицинский Журнал. 2002;(4):164. [Morozova SV, Zaitseva OV, Naletova NA. Dizziness as a health and social problem. Russkii Meditsinskii Zhurnal. 2002;(4):164 (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colledge NR, Barr-Hamilton RM. Evaluation of investigations to diagnose the cause of dizziness in elderly people: a community based controlled study. BMJ. 1996 Sep 28;313(7060):788–92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colledge NR, Barr-Hamilton RM. Evaluation of investigations to diagnose the cause of dizziness in elderly people: a community based controlled study. BMJ. 1996 Sep 28;313(7060):788–92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neuhauser HK, von Brevern M, Radtke A, et al. Epidemiology of vestibular vertigo: a neurotologic survey of the general population. Neurology. 2005 Sep 27;65(6):898–904.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neuhauser HK, von Brevern M, Radtke A, et al. Epidemiology of vestibular vertigo: a neurotologic survey of the general population. Neurology. 2005 Sep 27;65(6):898–904.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Парфенов ВА, Замерград МВ, Мельников ОА. Головокружение диагностика, лечение, распространенные диагностические ошибки. Учебное пособие. Москва: Медицинское информационное агентство; 2011. 190 с. [Parfenov VA, Zamergrad MV, Mel'nikov OA. Golovokruzhenie diagnostika, lechenie, rasprostranennye diagnosticheskie oshibki [Dizziness: diagnosis, treatment, common diagnostic errors]. Moscow: Meditsinskoe informatsionnoe agentstvo; 2011. 190 p.]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Парфенов ВА, Замерград МВ, Мельников ОА. Головокружение диагностика, лечение, распространенные диагностические ошибки. Учебное пособие. Москва: Медицинское информационное агентство; 2011. 190 с. [Parfenov VA, Zamergrad MV, Mel'nikov OA. Golovokruzhenie diagnostika, lechenie, rasprostranennye diagnosticheskie oshibki [Dizziness: diagnosis, treatment, common diagnostic errors]. Moscow: Meditsinskoe informatsionnoe agentstvo; 2011. 190 p.]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brandt Т, Dieterich М. Vertigo and dizziness: common complains. London: Springer; 2004. 208 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brandt Т, Dieterich М. Vertigo and dizziness: common complains. London: Springer; 2004. 208 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brandt T. Vertigo. Its Multisensory Syndromes. London: Springer; 2000. 504 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brandt T. Vertigo. Its Multisensory Syndromes. London: Springer; 2000. 504 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Redon C, Lopez C, Bernard-Demanze L, et al. Betahistine treatment improves the ecovery of static symptoms in patients with unilateral vestibular loss. J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Apr;51(4):538–48. doi: 10.1177/00912700 10369241. Epub 2010 Oct 12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Redon C, Lopez C, Bernard-Demanze L, et al. Betahistine treatment improves the ecovery of static symptoms in patients with unilateral vestibular loss. J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Apr;51(4):538–48. doi: 10.1177/00912700 10369241. Epub 2010 Oct 12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strupp M, Thurtell MJ, Shaikh AG, et al. Pharmacotherapy of vestibular and ocular motor disorders, including nystagmus. J Neurol. 2011 Jul;258(7):1207–22. doi: 10.1007/s00415- 011-5999-8. Epub 2011 Apr 2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strupp M, Thurtell MJ, Shaikh AG, et al. Pharmacotherapy of vestibular and ocular motor disorders, including nystagmus. J Neurol. 2011 Jul;258(7):1207–22. doi: 10.1007/s00415- 011-5999-8. Epub 2011 Apr 2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kanashiro AMK, Pereira CB, Melo AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of the most frequent vestibular syndromes. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2005 Mar;63(1):140–4. Epub 2005 Apr 13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanashiro AMK, Pereira CB, Melo AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of the most frequent vestibular syndromes. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2005 Mar;63(1):140–4. Epub 2005 Apr 13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Антоненко ЛМ, Бестужева НВ, Парфенов ВА. Применение препаратов бетагистина при головокружении. Медицинский совет. 2014;(18):34–40. [Antonenko LM, Bestuzheva NV, Parfenov VA. The use of betahistine in dizziness. Meditsinskii sovet. 2014;(18):34–40. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Антоненко ЛМ, Бестужева НВ, Парфенов ВА. Применение препаратов бетагистина при головокружении. Медицинский совет. 2014;(18):34–40. [Antonenko LM, Bestuzheva NV, Parfenov VA. The use of betahistine in dizziness. Meditsinskii sovet. 2014;(18):34–40. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lacour M, Sterkers O. Histamine and betahistine in the treatment of vertigo. Elucidation of mechanisms of action. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(11):853–70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lacour M, Sterkers O. Histamine and betahistine in the treatment of vertigo. Elucidation of mechanisms of action. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(11):853–70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lezius F, Adrion C, Mansmann U, et al. High-dosage betahistine dihydrochloride between 288 and 480 mg/day in patients with severe Meniеre's disease: a case series. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011 Aug;268(8):1237–40. doi: 10.1007/s00405-011-1647-2. Epub 2011 May 29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lezius F, Adrion C, Mansmann U, et al. High-dosage betahistine dihydrochloride between 288 and 480 mg/day in patients with severe Meniеre's disease: a case series. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011 Aug;268(8):1237–40. doi: 10.1007/s00405-011-1647-2. Epub 2011 May 29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meyer P, Schmidt R, Grutzmacher W, et al. Inner ear blood flow with betahistine – an animal experiment study. Laryngorhinootologie. 1994 Mar;73(3):153–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meyer P, Schmidt R, Grutzmacher W, et al. Inner ear blood flow with betahistine – an animal experiment study. Laryngorhinootologie. 1994 Mar;73(3):153–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tighilet B, Leonard J, Lacour M. Betahistine dihydrochloride treatment facilitates vestibular compensation in the cat. J Vestib Res. 1995 Jan-Feb;5(1):53–66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tighilet B, Leonard J, Lacour M. Betahistine dihydrochloride treatment facilitates vestibular compensation in the cat. J Vestib Res. 1995 Jan-Feb;5(1):53–66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benecke H, Herminio Perez-Garrigues MD, Dinsuhaimi bin Sidek MD, et al. Effects of Betahistine on Patient-Reported Outcomes in Routine Practice in Patients with Vestibular Vertigo and Appraisal of Tolerability: Experience in the OSVaLD Study. Int Tinnitus J. 2010;16(1):14–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benecke H, Herminio Perez-Garrigues MD, Dinsuhaimi bin Sidek MD, et al. Effects of Betahistine on Patient-Reported Outcomes in Routine Practice in Patients with Vestibular Vertigo and Appraisal of Tolerability: Experience in the OSVaLD Study. Int Tinnitus J. 2010;16(1):14–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mira E, Guidetti G, Ghilardi L, et al. Betahistine dihydrochloride in the treatment of peripheral vestibular vertigo. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2003 Feb;260(2):73–7. Epub 2002 Sep 11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mira E, Guidetti G, Ghilardi L, et al. Betahistine dihydrochloride in the treatment of peripheral vestibular vertigo. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2003 Feb;260(2):73–7. Epub 2002 Sep 11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Замерград МВ, Антоненко ЛМ. Посттравматическое головокружение. Неврологический журнал. 2012;(2):4-10. [Zamergrad MV, Antonenko LM. Posttraumatic vertigo. Nevrologicheskii zhurnal. 2012;(2):4–10. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Замерград МВ, Антоненко ЛМ. Посттравматическое головокружение. Неврологический журнал. 2012;(2):4-10. [Zamergrad MV, Antonenko LM. Posttraumatic vertigo. Nevrologicheskii zhurnal. 2012;(2):4–10. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brandt Т, Huppert I, Hecht J, et al. Benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo: a long-term followup (6–17 years) of 125 patients. Acta Otolaryngol. 2006 Feb;126(2):160–3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brandt Т, Huppert I, Hecht J, et al. Benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo: a long-term followup (6–17 years) of 125 patients. Acta Otolaryngol. 2006 Feb;126(2):160–3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fife TD. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Semin Neurol. 2009 Nov;29(5):500–8. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1241041. Epub 2009 Oct 15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fife TD. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Semin Neurol. 2009 Nov;29(5):500–8. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1241041. Epub 2009 Oct 15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gates GA. Meniere's disease review 2005. J Am Acad Audiol. 2006 Jan;17(1):16–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gates GA. Meniere's disease review 2005. J Am Acad Audiol. 2006 Jan;17(1):16–26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strupp M, Hupert D, Frenzel С, et al. Long-term prophylactic treatment of attacks of vertigo in Meniere’s disease comparison of a high with a low dosage of betahistine in an open trial. Acta Otolaryngol. 2008 May;128(5):520–4. doi: 10.1080/00016480701724912.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strupp M, Hupert D, Frenzel С, et al. Long-term prophylactic treatment of attacks of vertigo in Meniere’s disease comparison of a high with a low dosage of betahistine in an open trial. Acta Otolaryngol. 2008 May;128(5):520–4. doi: 10.1080/00016480701724912.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morris AE, Lutman ME, Yardley L. Measuring outcome from vestibular rehabilitation, part II: refinement and validation of a new self-report measure. Int J Audiol. 2009 Jan;48(1):24-37. doi: 10.1080/14992020802314905.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morris AE, Lutman ME, Yardley L. Measuring outcome from vestibular rehabilitation, part II: refinement and validation of a new self-report measure. Int J Audiol. 2009 Jan;48(1):24-37. doi: 10.1080/14992020802314905.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dieterich M, Brandt T. Episodic vertigo related to migraine (90 cases): vestibular migraine? J Neurol. 1999 Oct;246(10):883–92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dieterich M, Brandt T. Episodic vertigo related to migraine (90 cases): vestibular migraine? J Neurol. 1999 Oct;246(10):883–92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crevits L, Bosman T. Migraine-related vertigo towards a distinctive entity. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005 Feb;107(2):82–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crevits L, Bosman T. Migraine-related vertigo towards a distinctive entity. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005 Feb;107(2):82–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Парфенов ВА, Абдулина ОВ, Замерград МВ. Периферическая вестибулопатия под маской инсульта. Неврологический журнал. 2005;(6):28–32. [Parfenov VA, Abdulina OV, Zamergrad MV. Peripheral vestibulopathy under the mask of a stroke. Nevrologicheskii zhurnal. 2005;(6):28–32. (In Russ.).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Парфенов ВА, Абдулина ОВ, Замерград МВ. Периферическая вестибулопатия под маской инсульта. Неврологический журнал. 2005;(6):28–32. [Parfenov VA, Abdulina OV, Zamergrad MV. Peripheral vestibulopathy under the mask of a stroke. Nevrologicheskii zhurnal. 2005;(6):28–32. (In Russ.).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Парфенов ВА, Хасанова ДР. Ишемический инсульт. Москва: МИА; 2012. 288 с. [Parfenov VA, Khasanova DR. Ishemicheskii insul't [Ischemic stroke]. Moscow: MIA; 2012. 288 p.]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Парфенов ВА, Хасанова ДР. Ишемический инсульт. Москва: МИА; 2012. 288 с. [Parfenov VA, Khasanova DR. Ishemicheskii insul't [Ischemic stroke]. Moscow: MIA; 2012. 288 p.]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geser R, Straumann D. Referral and final diagnoses of patients assessed in an academic vertigo center. Front Neurol. 2012 Nov 28;3:169. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2012. 00169. eCollection 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geser R, Straumann D. Referral and final diagnoses of patients assessed in an academic vertigo center. Front Neurol. 2012 Nov 28;3:169. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2012. 00169. eCollection 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pollak L. Awareness of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in central Israel. BMC Neurol. 2009 Apr 22;9:17. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-9-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pollak L. Awareness of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in central Israel. BMC Neurol. 2009 Apr 22;9:17. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-9-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
