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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-2711-2014-4-11-18</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-447</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LECTURES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛЕКЦИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Cognitive impairments in cerebrovascular disease</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Когнитивные нарушения при цереброваскулярной болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Емелин</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Emelin</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">emelinand@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кафедра нервных болезней ФГБВОУ ВПО «Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова» Минобороны России, Санкт-Петербург, Россия 194044, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Лебедева, 6</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of Nervous System Diseases, S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Ministry of Defense of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia 6, Academician Lebedev St., Saint Petersburg 194044</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Emelin A.Y., 2014</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Емелин А.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Emelin A.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/447">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/447</self-uri><abstract><p>Cerebrovascular diseases belong to a group of the major causes of cognitive impairments, in the elderly in particular. The paper presents current ideas on the etiology and pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairments (VCI). The etiological factors of VCI may be divided into genetic, sociodemographic, and common risk factors for vascular and other diseases. The pathogenesis of VCI is multifactorial; cognitive function decrement results from brain damage due to cerebral circulatory disorders. Damage to the deep white matter portions and basal ganglions plays a leading role in the development of cognitive deficit in cerebral circulatory insufficiency, disrupting the connections between the frontal lobes and subcortical structures (a dissociation phenomenon). Regulatory functions are impaired; instability of volitional attention develops; the speed of thinking processes and the performance of professional and everyday skills are suffered, mnestic functions being impaired to a lesser extent. Impairments in other higher cortical functions, such as speech, gnosis, praxis, thinking, generally occur in the later stages of cognitive deficit. The comprehensive approach to examining patients with cognitive dysfunctions, which encompasses physical examination with a mandatory evaluation of neurological symptoms, neuropsychological testing, laboratory studies, instrumental diagnostic methods, and structural and functional neuroimaging techniques, are most justified now. VCI therapy is a challenging task requiring the specific features of different types of cognitive deficit to be analyzed, by providing a rationale for the choice of medications. Therapeutic effectiveness may be enhanced by rational combined multimodal therapy, by keeping in mind a variety of factors for the pathogenesis of VCI.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цереброваскулярные заболевания относятся к группе основных причин развития когнитивных нарушений, особенно у лиц пожилого возраста. Изложены современные представления об этиологии и патогенезе сосудистых когнитивных нарушений (СКН). Этиологические факторы развития СКН можно разделить на генетические, социально-демографические, общие факторы риска развития сосудистых заболеваний и пр. Патогенез СКН является мультифакторным, когнитивное снижение развивается вследствие деструктивного поражения головного мозга, вызванного нарушениями мозгового кровообращения. Ведущую роль в формировании когнитивного дефицита при недостаточности мозгового кровообращения играет поражение глубинных отделов белого вещества головного мозга и базальных ганглиев, что приводит к нарушению связей лобных долей головного мозга и подкорковых структур (феномен разобщения). Нарушаются регуляторные функции, развивается неустойчивость произвольного внимания, страдают скорость мыслительных процессов, выполнение профессиональных и бытовых навыков, при этом мнестические функции повреждаются в меньшей степени. Нарушение других высших корковых функций – речи, гнозиса, праксиса, мышления – возникают, как правило, на более поздних этапах развития когнитивного дефицита. В настоящее время наиболее оправданным является комплексный подход к обследованию пациентов с нарушением когнитивных функций, включающий общий осмотр с обязательной оцен-кой неврологических симптомов, нейропсихологическое тестирование, лабораторные исследования, инструментальные методы диагностики, методы структурной и функциональной нейровизуализации. Терапия СКН представляет собой сложную задачу, требующую анализа особенностей возникновения различных вариантов когнитивного дефицита с обоснованием выбора медикаментозных препаратов. Повышение эффективности терапии может быть также достигнуто применением рациональной комбинированной полимодальной терапии с учетом многообразия факторов патогенеза развития СКН.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сосудистые когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>сосудистая деменция</kwd><kwd>критерии диагностики</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vascular cognitive impairments</kwd><kwd>vascular dementia</kwd><kwd>diagnostic criteria</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lobo A, Launer L, Fratiglioni L, et al. Prevalence of dementia and major subtypes in Europe: a collaborative study of populationbased cohorts. Neurologic diseases in the elderly research group. Neurology. 2000;54(11 Suppl 5):S4–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobo A, Launer L, Fratiglioni L, et al. 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