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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-2711-2014-3-4-9</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-429</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LECTURES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛЕКЦИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Alcohol abuse and related disorders treatment of alcohol dependence</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Злоупотребление алкоголем и фармакотерапия алкоголизма</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сиволап</surname><given-names>Ю. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sivolap</surname><given-names>Yu. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва, Россия 119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow, Russia 8, Trubetskaya St., Build. 2, Moscow 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yura-sivolap@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кафедра психиатрии и наркологии ГБОУ ВПО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Sivolap Y.P., 2014</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сиволап Ю.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sivolap Y.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/429">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/429</self-uri><abstract><p>Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are the leading causes of worse health and increased mortality rates. Excessive alcohol consumption is the third leading cause of the global burden of diseases and a leading factor for lower lifespan and higher mortality. Alcohol abuse decreases working capacity and efficiency and requires the increased cost of the treatment of alcohol-induced disorders, which entails serious economic losses. The unfavorable medical and social consequences of excessive alcohol use determine the importance of effective treatment for alcoholism. The goals of rational pharmacotherapy of alcohol dependence are to enhance GABA neurotransmission, to suppress glutamate neurotransmission, to act on serotonin neurotransmission, to correct water-electrolyte balance, and to compensate for thiamine deficiency. Alcoholism treatment consists of two steps: 1) the prevention and treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and its complications (withdrawal convulsions and delirium alcoholicum); 2) antirecurrent (maintenance) therapy. Benzodiazepines are the drugs of choice in alleviating alcohol withdrawal and preventing its convulsive attacks and delirium alcoholicum. Diazepam and chlordiazepoxide are most commonly used for this purpose; the safer drugs oxazepam and lorazepam are given to the elderly and patients with severe liver lesions. Anticonvulsants having normothymic properties, such as carbamazepine, valproic acid, topiramate, and lamotrigine, are a definite alternative to benzodiazepines. The traditional Russian clinical practice (clearance detoxification) has not a scientific base or significant impact on alcohol withdrawal-related states in addicts. Relapse prevention and maintenance therapy for alcohol dependence are performed using disulfiram, acamprosate, and naltrexone; since 2013 the European Union member countries have been using, besides these agents, nalmefene that is being registered in Russia. Memantine and a number of other medications, including baclofen, gabapentin, pregabalin, ondansetron, modafinil, and aripiprazole, are able to decrease alcoholic needs and to alleviate the manifestations of alcohol dependence. The Russian narcological practice in using antipsychotics to suppress a craving for alcohol (as well as other psychoactive substances) contradicts the principles of evidence-based medicine and has no scientific base.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Злоупотребление алкоголем и алкоголизм относятся к ведущим причинам ухудшения здоровья и повышения смертности населения. Чрезмерное употребление алкоголя служит третьей ведущей причиной  лобального бремени болезней и относится к ведущим факторам уменьшения продолжительности жизни и повышения смертности населения. Злоупотребление алкоголем снижает трудоспособность и производительность труда, требует повышенных расходов на лечение расстройств, вызванных алкоголем, что влечет за собой серьезные экономические потери. Неблагоприятные медицинские и социальные последствия неумеренного употребления алкоголя определяют значимость эффективного лечения алкоголизма. Рациональная фармакотерапия алкогольной зависимости включает такие направления, как усиление нейротрансмиссии ГАМК, подавление нейротрансмиссии глутамата, воздействие на нейротрансмиссию серотонина, коррекция водно-электролитного баланса и восполнение дефицита тиамина. Лечение алкоголизма состоит из двух этапов: 1) предупреждение и лечение синдрома отмены алкоголя и его осложнений – абстинентных судорог и алкогольного делирия; 2) противорецидивная (поддерживающая) терапия. Средствами выбора в смягчении состояния отмены алкоголя и предупреждении похмельных судорожных припадков и алкогольного делирия служат бензодиазепины. Наиболее часто с этой целью применяются диазепам и хлордиазепоксид, а пожилым и пациентам с тяжелыми формами поражения печени назначаются более безопасные оксазепам и лоразепам. Определенную альтернативу бензодиазепинам представляют противосудорожные средства, обладающие нормотимическими свойствами, – карбамазепин, препараты вальпроевой кислоты, топирамат и ламотриджин. Традиционная для российской клинической практики клиренсовая детоксикация не имеет научного обоснования и не оказывает существенного влияния на состояния, связанные с отменой алкоголя у зависимоых лиц. Предупреждение рецидивов алкоголизма и поддерживающая терапия алкогольной зависимости осуществляются с помощью дисульфирама, акампросата и налтрексона; кроме этих препаратов, в странах Европейского союза с 2013 г. применяется налмефен, в настоящее время проходящий регистрацию в России. Способностью уменьшать потребность в алкоголе и смягчать проявления алкогольной зависимости обладают мемантин и ряд других лекарственных средств, в том числе баклофен, габапентин, прегабалин, ондансетрон, модафинил и арипипразол. Принятое в российской наркологии применение антипсихотиков с целью подавления влечения к алкоголю (равно как и к другим психоактивным веществам) противоречит принципам доказательной медицины и не имеет научного обоснования.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>злоупотребление алкоголем</kwd><kwd>алкогольная зависимость</kwd><kwd>состояние отмены алкоголя</kwd><kwd>алкогольная детоксикация</kwd><kwd>предупреждение рецидивов</kwd><kwd>поддерживающая терапия</kwd><kwd>бензодиазепины</kwd><kwd>дисульфирам</kwd><kwd>акампросат</kwd><kwd>налтрексон</kwd><kwd>налмефен</kwd><kwd>мемантин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>alcohol abuse</kwd><kwd>alcohol dependence</kwd><kwd>alcohol withdrawal</kwd><kwd>alcohol detoxification</kwd><kwd>relapse prevention</kwd><kwd>maintenance therapy</kwd><kwd>benzodiazepines</kwd><kwd>disulfiram</kwd><kwd>acamprosate</kwd><kwd>naltrexone</kwd><kwd>nalmefene</kwd><kwd>memantine</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Status Report on Alcohol and Health in 35 European Countries, 2013. 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