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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-2711-2026-2-79-84</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-2819</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The hidden scale: the true contribution of primary progressive multiple sclerosis to overall disability statistics</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Невидимый масштаб: реальный вклад первично-прогрессирующего рассеянного склероза в общую статистику инвалидности</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2975-4151</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бойко</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Boyko</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Николаевич Бойко</p><p>Институт клинической неврологии; отдел нейроиммунологии</p><p>117997; ул. Островитянова, 1; ул. Островитянова, 1, стр. 10; Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey Nikolaevich Boyko</p><p>Institute of Clinical Neurology; Department of Neuroimmunology</p><p>117997; 1, Ostrovityanovа St.; 1, Ostrovityanovа St., Build. 10; Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">boykoan13@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9964-8103</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кукушкина</surname><given-names>А Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kukushkina</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Институт клинической неврологии; отдел нейроиммунологии</p><p>117997;; ул. Островитянова, 1, стр. 10; 121374; Можайское шоссе, 14; Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Institute of Clinical Neurology; Department of Neuroimmunology</p><p>117997; 1, Ostrovityanovа St., Build. 10;; ; 121374; 14, Mozhaiskoe Shosse; Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова»; ФГБУ «Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий» ФМБА России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia; Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnologies, FMBA of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий» ФМБА России; ГБУЗ «Городская клиническая больница им. М.Е. Жадкевича» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnologies, FMBA of Russia; Zhadkevich Moscow City Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>84</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Boyko A.N., Kukushkina A.D., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бойко А.Н., Кукушкина А.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Boyko A.N., Kukushkina A.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/2819">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/2819</self-uri><abstract><p>   Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) is the most severe phenotype of the disease, characterised by a steady progression of neurological deficit from the time of onset. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the epidemiological, clinical, neuroimaging and socio-economic aspects of PPMS. It is shown that PPMS is associated with accelerated progression to disability thresholds (≥ 6.0 points on the Expanded Disability Status Scale – EDSS, on average within 5–9 years), early loss of working capacity and the creation of a significant burden for patients and their families, which is exacerbated by the need for long-term care. Key pathogenetic differences between PPMS and relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), as well as current therapeutic strategies, are discussed. The need for early diagnosis, timely initiation of pathogenetic therapy and the development of a multidisciplinary care system to improve patient prognosis and quality of life is emphasised.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>   Первично-прогрессирующий рассеянный склероз (ППРС) представляет собой наиболее тяжелый фенотип заболевания, характеризующийся неуклонным прогрессированием неврологического дефицита с момента манифестации. В обзоре представлен комплексный анализ эпидемиологических, клинических, нейровизуализационных и социально-экономических аспектов ППРС. Показано, что ППРС ассоциирован с ускоренным достижением порогов инвалидизации (≥ 6,0 балла по Расширенной шкале оценки степени инвалидизации – Expanded Disability Status Scale, EDSS, в среднем за 5–9 лет), ранней утратой трудоспособности и формированием значительного бремени для пациентов и их семей, которое усугубляется необходимостью длительного ухода. Рассмотрены ключевые патогенетические отличия ППРС от ремиттирующего РС и современные терапевтические стратегии. Подчеркивается необходимость ранней диагностики, своевременного начала патогенетической терапии и развития мультидисциплинарной системы помощи для улучшения прогноза и качества жизни пациентов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рассеянный склероз</kwd><kwd>первично-прогрессирующий рассеянный склероз</kwd><kwd>анти-В-клеточная терапия</kwd><kwd>окрелизумаб</kwd><kwd>инвалидизация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multiple sclerosis</kwd><kwd>primary progressive multiple sclerosis</kwd><kwd>anti-B-cell therapy</kwd><kwd>ocrelizumab</kwd><kwd>disability</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The investigation has not been sponsored</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Montalban X, Hauser SL, Kappos L, et al. 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