<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-2711-2025-2-49-54</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-2482</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И МЕТОДИКИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Differences in cerebrospinal fluid microRNA profiles in patients with remitting multiple sclerosis and patients with other neurological diseases</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Различие профилей микроРНК в цереброспинальной жидкости пациентов с ремиттирующим рассеянным склерозом и пациентов с другими неврологическими заболеваниями</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-2191</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Омарова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Omarova</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1;117513, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1, стр. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1, Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117513;1, Ostrovityanova St., Build. 10, Moscow 117513</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">omarova.neurology@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6587-1243</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козин</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozin</surname><given-names>М. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1;121552, Москва, ул. Академика Чазова, 15А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1, Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117513;15A, Third Cherepkovskaya St., Moscow 121552</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2975-4151</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бойко</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Boyko</surname><given-names>А. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1;121552, Москва, ул. Академика Чазова, 15А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1, Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117513;15A, Third Cherepkovskaya St., Moscow 121552</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский институт им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России;&#13;
ФГБУ «Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий» ФМБА России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia;&#13;
Federal Center for Brain and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский институт им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России;&#13;
ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии им. акад. Е.И. Чазова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia;&#13;
E.I. Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>49</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Omarova М.А., Kozin М.S., Boyko А.N., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Омарова М.А., Козин М.С., Бойко А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Omarova М.А., Kozin М.S., Boyko А.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/2482">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/2482</self-uri><abstract><p>Objective: to compare microRNA profiles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with remitting multiple sclerosis (RMS) in remission and patients with other neurological diseases. Material and methods. Eight patients with RMS in remission (4 males and 4 females) and 8 patients with other neurological diseases (4 males and 4 females) were included in the study. We compared the microRNA profiles in the CSF of the patients in the two study groups. Profiling was performed by sequencing small RNAs with the MGISEQ-200 device. The differences in microRNA levels were analyzed using the DESeq2 package for the R programming language. For microRNAs whose levels in CSF differed between the analyzed patient groups, a network of interactions with their target genes was created using the miRNet web service. Common targets were identified from the whole set of targets; for the resulting set of targets, an overrepresentation analysis of the pathways annotated in the KEGG database was performed.Results. The level of 30 microRNAs differed significantly (padj&lt;0.05; |log2FC|&gt;1) in the analyzed patient groups, the concentration of 13 microRNAs was higher and of 17 – lower in the CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The search for common targets of these microRNAs allowed us to identify 8 protein-coding genes, each of which is a target of at least 5 microRNAs from the selected group: MIDN, MDM2, CDKN1A, TMEM184B, TAOK1, HNRNPA, NFIC and ZNF460. Conclusion. MicroRNA profiles in CSF distinguish patients with MS from patients with other neurological diseases. The possibility of using changes in the concentration of detected microRNAs in CSF as a diagnostic marker for MS needs to be confirmed in independent samples.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цель исследования – сравнение профилей микроРНК в цереброспинальной жидкости (ЦСЖ) пациентов с ремиттирующим рассеянным склерозом (РРС) в стадии ремиссии и пациентов с другими неврологическими заболеваниями. Материал и методы. В исследование включены восемь пациентов с РРС в стадии ремиссии (четыре мужчины и четыре женщины) и восемь пациентов с другими неврологическими заболеваниями (четыре мужчины и четыре женщины). Проведено сравнение профилей микроРНК в ликворе между исследуемыми группами пациентов. Профилирование выполняли методом секвенирования малых РНК на приборе MGISEQ-200. Анализ различий уровня микроРНК осуществляли при помощи пакета DESeq2 для языка программирования R. Для микроРНК, содержание которых в ЦСЖ различалось между исследуемыми группами пациентов, при помощи вебсервиса miRNet была построена сеть взаимодействий с их генами-мишенями. Среди всего набора мишеней были выделены общие; для полученного набора мишеней проведен анализ перепредставленности в наборах генов, аннотированных в базе KEGG. Результаты. Уровень 30 микроРНК значимо (padj&lt;0,05; |log2FC|&gt;1) различался в исследуемых группах пациентов; концентрация 13 микроРНК была выше, а 17 – ниже в ликворе пациентов с рассеянным склерозом (РС). Поиск общих мишеней этих микроРНК позволил выделить восемь белок-кодирующих генов, каждый из которых является мишенью не менее чем пяти микроРНК из выделенного набора: MIDN, MDM2, CDKN1A, TMEM184B, TAOK1, HNRNPA, NFIC и ZNF460. Заключение. Профили микроРНК в ЦСЖ отличают пациентов с РС от пациентов с другими неврологическими заболеваниями. Возможность использовать изменения концентрации выявленных микроРНК в ликворе в качестве диагностического маркера РС требует подтверждения на независимых выборках.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рассеянный склероз</kwd><kwd>радиологически изолированный синдром</kwd><kwd>клинически изолированный синдром</kwd><kwd>цереброспинальная жидкость</kwd><kwd>ликвор</kwd><kwd>микроРНК</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multiple sclerosis</kwd><kwd>radiologically isolated syndrome</kwd><kwd>clinically isolated syndrome</kwd><kwd>cerebrospinal fluid</kwd><kwd>microRNA</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beer S, Khan F, Kesselring J. Rehabilitation interventions in multiple sclerosis: an overview. J Neurol. 2012 Sep;259(9):1994-2008. doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6577-4. Epub 2012 Jul 8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beer S, Khan F, Kesselring J. Rehabilitation interventions in multiple sclerosis: an overview. J Neurol. 2012 Sep;259(9):1994-2008. doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6577-4. Epub 2012 Jul 8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">GBD 2016 Multiple Sclerosis Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of multiple sclerosis 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019 Mar;18(3):269-85. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30443-5. Epub 2019 Jan 21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GBD 2016 Multiple Sclerosis Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of multiple sclerosis 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019 Mar;18(3):269-85. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30443-5. Epub 2019 Jan 21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cree BAC, Arnold DL, Chataway J, et al. Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: New Insights. Neurology. 2021 Aug 24;97(8):378-88. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012323. Epub 2021 Jun 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cree BAC, Arnold DL, Chataway J, et al. Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: New Insights. Neurology. 2021 Aug 24;97(8):378-88. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012323. Epub 2021 Jun 4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koch M, Kingwell E, Rieckmann P, Tremlett H. The natural history of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2009 Dec 8;73(23):1996-2002. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c5b47f</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koch M, Kingwell E, Rieckmann P, Tremlett H. The natural history of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2009 Dec 8;73(23):1996-2002. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c5b47f</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koch M, Kingwell E, Rieckmann P, Tremlett H; UBC MS Clinic Neurologists. The natural history of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010 Sep;81(9):1039-43. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.208173. Epub 2010 Jul 16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koch M, Kingwell E, Rieckmann P, Tremlett H; UBC MS Clinic Neurologists. The natural history of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010 Sep;81(9):1039-43. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.208173. Epub 2010 Jul 16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huynh JL, Casaccia P. Epigenetic mechanisms in multiple sclerosis: implications for pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2013 Feb;12(2):195-206. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70309-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huynh JL, Casaccia P. Epigenetic mechanisms in multiple sclerosis: implications for pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2013 Feb;12(2):195-206. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70309-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhaskaran M, Mohan M. MicroRNAs: history, biogenesis, and their evolving role in animal development and disease. Vet Pathol. 2014 Jul;51(4):759-74. doi: 10.1177/0300985813502820. Epub 2013 Sep 17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhaskaran M, Mohan M. MicroRNAs: history, biogenesis, and their evolving role in animal development and disease. Vet Pathol. 2014 Jul;51(4):759-74. doi: 10.1177/0300985813502820. Epub 2013 Sep 17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dexheimer PJ, Cochella L. MicroRNAs: From Mechanism to Organism. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020 Jun 3;8:409. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00409</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dexheimer PJ, Cochella L. MicroRNAs: From Mechanism to Organism. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020 Jun 3;8:409. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00409</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang L, Ding H, Zhang Y, et al. Circulating MicroRNAs: Biogenesis and Clinical Significance in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Front Physiol. 2020 Sep 3;11:1088. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01088</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang L, Ding H, Zhang Y, et al. Circulating MicroRNAs: Biogenesis and Clinical Significance in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Front Physiol. 2020 Sep 3;11:1088. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01088</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marabita F, de Candia P, Torri A, et al. Normalization of circulating microRNA expression data obtained by quantitative realtime RT-PCR. Brief Bioinform. 2016 Mar;17(2):204-12. doi: 10.1093/bib/bbv056. Epub 2015 Aug 3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marabita F, de Candia P, Torri A, et al. Normalization of circulating microRNA expression data obtained by quantitative realtime RT-PCR. Brief Bioinform. 2016 Mar;17(2):204-12. doi: 10.1093/bib/bbv056. Epub 2015 Aug 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jagot F, Davoust N. Is It worth Considering Circulating microRNAs in Multiple Sclerosis? Front Immunol. 2016 Apr 5;7:129. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00129</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jagot F, Davoust N. Is It worth Considering Circulating microRNAs in Multiple Sclerosis? Front Immunol. 2016 Apr 5;7:129. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00129</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Омарова МА, Козин МС, Бойко АН. Свободная циркулирующая микроРНК как потенциальный диагностический маркер при рассеянном склерозе. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2022;14(1S):29-33. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2022-1S-29-33</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Omarova MA, Kozin MS, Boyko AN. Free circulating miRNA as a potential diagnostic marker in multiple sclerosis (review). Nevrologiya, neiropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2022;14(1S):29-33. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2022-1S-29-33 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheleznyakova GY, Piket E, Needhamsen M, et al. Small noncoding RNA profiling across cellular and biofluid compartments and their implications for multiple sclerosis immunopathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Apr 27;118(17):e2011574118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2011574118</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheleznyakova GY, Piket E, Needhamsen M, et al. Small noncoding RNA profiling across cellular and biofluid compartments and their implications for multiple sclerosis immunopathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Apr 27;118(17):e2011574118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2011574118</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Freedman MS, Thompson EJ, Deisenhammer F, et al. Recommended standard of cerebrospinal fluid analysis in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement. Arch Neurol. 2005 Jun;62(6):865-70. doi: 10.1001/archneur.62.6.865</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freedman MS, Thompson EJ, Deisenhammer F, et al. Recommended standard of cerebrospinal fluid analysis in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement. Arch Neurol. 2005 Jun;62(6):865-70. doi: 10.1001/archneur.62.6.865</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozomara A, Birgaoanu M, Griffiths-Jones S. miRBase: from microRNA sequences to function. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019 Jan 8;47(D1):D155-D162. doi: 10.1093/nar/gky1141</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozomara A, Birgaoanu M, Griffiths-Jones S. miRBase: from microRNA sequences to function. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019 Jan 8;47(D1):D155-D162. doi: 10.1093/nar/gky1141</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang L, Xia J. MicroRNA Regulatory Network Analysis Using miRNet 2.0. Methods Mol Biol. 2023;2594:185-204. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2815-7_14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang L, Xia J. MicroRNA Regulatory Network Analysis Using miRNet 2.0. Methods Mol Biol. 2023;2594:185-204. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2815-7_14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Munoz-San Martin M, Gomez I, Quiroga-Varela A, et al. miRNA Signature in CSF From Patients With Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2022 Dec 9;10(1):e200069. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000200069</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Munoz-San Martin M, Gomez I, Quiroga-Varela A, et al. miRNA Signature in CSF From Patients With Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2022 Dec 9;10(1):e200069. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000200069</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahlbrecht J, Martino F, Pul R, et al. Deregulation of microRNA-181c in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with clinically isolated syndrome is associated with early conversion to relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2016 Aug;22(9):1202-14. doi: 10.1177/1352458515613641. Epub 2015 Oct 22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahlbrecht J, Martino F, Pul R, et al. Deregulation of microRNA-181c in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with clinically isolated syndrome is associated with early conversion to relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2016 Aug;22(9):1202-14. doi: 10.1177/1352458515613641. Epub 2015 Oct 22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Munoz-San Martin M, Torras S, Robles-Cedeno R, et al. Radiologically isolated syndrome: targeting miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers. Epigenomics. 2020 Dec;12(23):2065-76. doi: 10.2217/epi-2020-0172. Epub 2020 Dec 8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Munoz-San Martin M, Torras S, Robles-Cedeno R, et al. Radiologically isolated syndrome: targeting miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers. Epigenomics. 2020 Dec;12(23):2065-76. doi: 10.2217/epi-2020-0172. Epub 2020 Dec 8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Munoz-San Martin M, Reverter G, Robles-Cedeno R, et al. Analysis of miRNA signatures in CSF identifies upregulation of miR-21 and miR-146a/b in patients with multiple sclerosis and active lesions. J Neuroinflammation. 2019 Nov 14;16(1):220. doi: 10.1186/s12974-019-1590-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Munoz-San Martin M, Reverter G, Robles-Cedeno R, et al. Analysis of miRNA signatures in CSF identifies upregulation of miR-21 and miR-146a/b in patients with multiple sclerosis and active lesions. J Neuroinflammation. 2019 Nov 14;16(1):220. doi: 10.1186/s12974-019-1590-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haghikia A, Haghikia A, Hellwig K, et al. Regulated microRNAs in the CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Neurology. 2012 Nov 27;79(22):2166-70. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182759621. Epub 2012 Oct 17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haghikia A, Haghikia A, Hellwig K, et al. Regulated microRNAs in the CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Neurology. 2012 Nov 27;79(22):2166-70. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182759621. Epub 2012 Oct 17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quintana E, Ortega FJ, Robles-Cedeno R, et al. miRNAs in cerebrospinal fluid identify patients with MS and specifically those with lipid-specific oligoclonal IgM bands. Mult Scler. 2017 Nov;23(13):1716-26. doi: 10.1177/1352458516684213. Epub 2017 Jan 9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quintana E, Ortega FJ, Robles-Cedeno R, et al. miRNAs in cerebrospinal fluid identify patients with MS and specifically those with lipid-specific oligoclonal IgM bands. Mult Scler. 2017 Nov;23(13):1716-26. doi: 10.1177/1352458516684213. Epub 2017 Jan 9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kramer S, Haghikia A, Bang C, et al. Elevated levels of miR-181c and miR-633 in the CSF of patients with MS: A validation study. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019 Oct 1;6(6):e623. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000623</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kramer S, Haghikia A, Bang C, et al. Elevated levels of miR-181c and miR-633 in the CSF of patients with MS: A validation study. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019 Oct 1;6(6):e623. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000623</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soldan SS, Lieberman PM. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023 Jan;21(1):51-64. doi: 10.1038/s41579-022-00770-5. Epub 2022 Aug 5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soldan SS, Lieberman PM. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023 Jan;21(1):51-64. doi: 10.1038/s41579-022-00770-5. Epub 2022 Aug 5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
