<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-2711-2025-2-36-43</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-2480</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И МЕТОДИКИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Multitarget transcranial magnetic theta-burst stimulation in the correction of cognitive impairment in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Мультитаргетная транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция тета-вспышками для коррекции когнитивных нарушений у пациентов с прогрессирующим рассеянным склерозом</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8544-3107</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Забирова</surname><given-names>А. Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zabirova</surname><given-names>A. Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125367, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, 80</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>80, Volokolamskoe Sh., Moscow 125367</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alfijasabirowa@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0716-3737</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бакулин</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakulin</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125367, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, 80</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>80, Volokolamskoe Sh., Moscow 125367</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1841-1177</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пойдашева</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Poydasheva</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125367, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, 80</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>80, Volokolamskoe Sh., Moscow 125367</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9267-8315</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лагода</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lagoda</surname><given-names>D. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125367, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, 80</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>80, Volokolamskoe Sh., Moscow 125367</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1072-9968</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарова</surname><given-names>М. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharova</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125367, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, 80</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>80, Volokolamskoe Sh., Moscow 125367</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6026-3388</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гнедовская</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gnedovskaya</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125367, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, 80</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>80, Volokolamskoe Sh., Moscow 125367</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3956-6362</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Супонева</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Suponeva</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125367, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, 80</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>80, Volokolamskoe Sh., Moscow 125367</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6338-0392</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пирадов</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Piradov</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125367, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, 80</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>80, Volokolamskoe Sh., Moscow 125367</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Center of Neurology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>36</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Zabirova A.K., Bakulin I.S., Poydasheva A.G., Lagoda D.Y., Zakharova M.N., Gnedovskaya E.V., Suponeva N.A., Piradov M.A., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Забирова А.Х., Бакулин И.С., Пойдашева А.Г., Лагода Д.Ю., Захарова М.Н., Гнедовская Е.В., Супонева Н.А., Пирадов М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zabirova A.K., Bakulin I.S., Poydasheva A.G., Lagoda D.Y., Zakharova M.N., Gnedovskaya E.V., Suponeva N.A., Piradov M.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/2480">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/2480</self-uri><abstract><p>Cognitive impairment (CI) is a common symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS) that significantly impairs quality of life. Severe cognitive impairment with a multidomain phenotype is observed in progressive MS (PMS). Given the limitations of available therapeutic approaches to the treatment of CI in PMS, the investigation of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for its correction is relevant.Objective: To investigate the safety, tolerability and efficacy of multitarget navigated TMS in PMS with CI. Material and methods. A protocol for multitarget intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex was developed. Fifteen patients with PMS and CI were enrolled in the study: 8 patients received sham stimulation followed by active iTBS, and 7 patients received only active iTBS. Safety and tolerability were assessed by questionnaires, efficacy by neuropsychological testing and questionnaires on subjective CI and fatigue. Results. No serious adverse events (AEs) or discontinuation of TMS were observed. Mild AEs were recorded during 39.8% of sessions and within 24 hours after 23.3% of sessions, with no statistically significant differences between sham- and active iTBS. Verbal working and short-term memory (p=0.012 and p=0.049) as well as information processing speed (p=0.026), visuospatial perception (p=0.023), subjective CI (p=0.016) and fatigue (p=0.041) improved after the active protocol. Sham-iTBS had no significant effects. Significant differences between the effects of the sham and the active protocol were only observed for verbal working memory (p=0.043). Conclusion. Thus, this pilot study confirmed good safety and tolerability of the TMS protocol in PMS with CI. It was shown that there is a potential efficacy for verbal working and short-term memory, information processing speed, visuospatial perception, subjective CI and fatigue. The efficacy needs to be confirmed in further large studies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Когнитивные нарушения (КН) – распространенное проявление рассеянного склероза (РС), значимо влияющее на качество жизни. Наибольшая выраженность и мультидоменный характер КН отмечаются у пациентов с прогрессирующим РС (ПРС). Учитывая ограничения доступных методов терапии КН при ПРС, актуально изучение транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции (ТМС) для их коррекции. Цель исследования – изучение безопасности, переносимости и эффективности мультитаргетной навигационной ТМС при КН у пациентов с ПРС. Материал и методы. Для коррекции КН разработан протокол мультитаргетной стимуляции левой дорсолатеральной префронтальной коры и задней теменной коры интермиттирующими тета-вспышками (intermittent theta-burst stimulation, iTBS). В исследование включены 15 пациентов с ПРС и КН: имитация iTBS c последующей активной iTBS проводилась восьми пациентам, только активная iTBS – семи. Безопасность и переносимость оценивались с помощью опросников, эффективность – с помощью нейропсихологического тестирования, опросников субъективной выраженности КН и утомления. Результаты. Серьезных нежелательных явлений (НЯ) и отказа от ТМС зарегистрировано не было. Легкие НЯ наблюдались во время 39,8% сессий и в течение 24 ч после 23,3% сессий без статистически значимых различий между группой имитации и группой активной iTBS. После активной стимуляции отмечалось улучшение вербальной рабочей и кратковременной памяти (p=0,012 и p=0,049 соответственно), скорости обработки информации (p=0,026), зрительно-пространственного восприятия (р=0,023), субъективных КН (p=0,016), утомления (р=0,041). Имитация iTBS cтатистически значимого влияния не оказывала. Cтатистически значимые различия между эффектами имитации и активной iTBS были обнаружены только для вербальной рабочей памяти (p=0,043). Заключение. В пилотном исследовании подтвержден благоприятный профиль безопасности и переносимости разработанного протокола ТМС при ПРС с КН. Показана потенциальная эффективность в отношении вербальной рабочей и кратковременной памяти, скорости обработки информации, зрительно-пространственного восприятия, субъективных КН и утомления. Требуется проведение более крупных исследований.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>прогрессирующий рассеянный склероз</kwd><kwd>когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция</kwd><kwd>стимуляция интермиттирующими тета-вспышками</kwd><kwd>мультитаргетная стимуляция</kwd><kwd>дорсолатеральная префронтальная кора</kwd><kwd>задняя теменная кора</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>progressive multiple sclerosis</kwd><kwd>cognitive impairment</kwd><kwd>transcranial magnetic stimulation</kwd><kwd>intermittent theta burst stimulation</kwd><kwd>multitarget stimulation</kwd><kwd>dorsolateral prefrontal cortex</kwd><kwd>posterior parietal cortex</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках научно-исследовательской работы «Новые технологии нейрореабилитации» (регистрационный номер 123120100062-0)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted as part of the research project “New technologies of neurorebilitation” (registration number 123120100062-0).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lakin L, Davis BE, Binns CC, et al. Comprehensive Approach to Management of Multiple Sclerosis: Addressing Invisible Symptoms – A Narrative Review. Neurol Ther. 2021 Jun;10(1):75-98. doi: 10.1007/s40120-021-00239-2. Epub 2021 Apr 20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lakin L, Davis BE, Binns CC, et al. Comprehensive Approach to Management of Multiple Sclerosis: Addressing Invisible Symptoms – A Narrative Review. Neurol Ther. 2021 Jun;10(1):75-98. doi: 10.1007/s40120-021-00239-2. Epub 2021 Apr 20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruano L, Portaccio E, Goretti B, et al. Age and disability drive cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis across disease subtypes. Mult Scler. 2017 Aug;23(9):1258-67. doi: 10.1177/1352458516674367. Epub 2016 Oct 13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruano L, Portaccio E, Goretti B, et al. Age and disability drive cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis across disease subtypes. Mult Scler. 2017 Aug;23(9):1258-67. doi: 10.1177/1352458516674367. Epub 2016 Oct 13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Renner A, Baetge SJ, Filser M, et al. Characterizing cognitive deficits and potential predictors in multiple sclerosis: A large nationwide study applying Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis in standard clinical care. J Neuropsychol. 2020 Sep;14(3):347-69. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12202. Epub 2020 Feb 13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Renner A, Baetge SJ, Filser M, et al. Characterizing cognitive deficits and potential predictors in multiple sclerosis: A large nationwide study applying Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis in standard clinical care. J Neuropsychol. 2020 Sep;14(3):347-69. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12202. Epub 2020 Feb 13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Meo E, Portaccio E, Giorgio A, et al. Identifying the Distinct Cognitive Phenotypes in Multiple Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2021 Apr;78(4):414-25. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.4920</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Meo E, Portaccio E, Giorgio A, et al. Identifying the Distinct Cognitive Phenotypes in Multiple Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2021 Apr;78(4):414-25. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.4920</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hojsgaard Chow H, Schreiber K, Magyari M, et al. Progressive multiple sclerosis, cognitive function, and quality of life. Brain Behav. 2018 Jan;8(2):e00875. doi: 10.1002/brb3.875</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hojsgaard Chow H, Schreiber K, Magyari M, et al. Progressive multiple sclerosis, cognitive function, and quality of life. Brain Behav. 2018 Jan;8(2):e00875. doi: 10.1002/brb3.875</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moccia M, Lanzillo R, Palladino R, et al. Cognitive impairment at diagnosis predicts 10-year multiple sclerosis progression. Mult Scler. 2016 Apr;22(5):659-67. doi: 10.1177/1352458515599075. Epub 2015 Sep 11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moccia M, Lanzillo R, Palladino R, et al. Cognitive impairment at diagnosis predicts 10-year multiple sclerosis progression. Mult Scler. 2016 Apr;22(5):659-67. doi: 10.1177/1352458515599075. Epub 2015 Sep 11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pitteri M, Romualdi C, Magliozzi R, et al. Cognitive impairment predicts disability progression and cortical thinning in MS: An 8-year study. Mult Scler. 2017 May;23(6):848-54. doi: 10.1177/1352458516665496. Epub 2016 Aug 15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pitteri M, Romualdi C, Magliozzi R, et al. Cognitive impairment predicts disability progression and cortical thinning in MS: An 8-year study. Mult Scler. 2017 May;23(6):848-54. doi: 10.1177/1352458516665496. Epub 2016 Aug 15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Забирова АХ, Бакулин ИС, Пойдашева АГ и др. Когнитивные нарушения и методы их терапии у пациентов с рассеянным склерозом. Альманах клинической медицины. 2023;51(2):110-25. doi:10.18786/2072-0505-2023-51-009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zabirova AKh, Bakulin IS, Poydasheva AG, et al. Cognitive impairment and their treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis. Al'manakh klinicheskoi meditsiny. 2023;51(2):110-25. doi:10.18786/2072-0505-2023-51-009 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang J, Cortese R, De Stefano N, Giorgio A. Structural and Functional Connectivity Substrates of Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol. 2021 Jul;12:671894. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.671894</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang J, Cortese R, De Stefano N, Giorgio A. Structural and Functional Connectivity Substrates of Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol. 2021 Jul;12:671894. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.671894</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rocca MA, Schoonheim MM, Valsasina P, et al. Task-and resting-state fMRI studies in multiple sclerosis: From regions to systems and time-varying analysis. Current status and future perspective. Neuroimage Clin. 2022 Jun;35:103076. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103076. Epub 2022 Jun 6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rocca MA, Schoonheim MM, Valsasina P, et al. Task-and resting-state fMRI studies in multiple sclerosis: From regions to systems and time-varying analysis. Current status and future perspective. Neuroimage Clin. 2022 Jun;35:103076. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103076. Epub 2022 Jun 6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jandric D, Doshi A, Scott R, et al. A Systematic Review of Resting-State Functional MRI Connectivity Changes and Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Connect. 2022 Mar;12(2):112-33. doi: 10.1089/brain.2021.0104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jandric D, Doshi A, Scott R, et al. A Systematic Review of Resting-State Functional MRI Connectivity Changes and Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Connect. 2022 Mar;12(2):112-33. doi: 10.1089/brain.2021.0104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller E, Morel A, Redlicka J, et al. Pharmacological and Non-pharmacological Therapies of Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(4):475-83. doi: 10.2174/1570159X15666171109132650</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miller E, Morel A, Redlicka J, et al. Pharmacological and Non-pharmacological Therapies of Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(4):475-83. doi: 10.2174/1570159X15666171109132650</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Motavalli A, Majdi A, Hosseini L, et al. Pharmacotherapy in multiple sclerosis-induced cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020 Nov;46:102478. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102478. Epub 2020 Aug 30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Motavalli A, Majdi A, Hosseini L, et al. Pharmacotherapy in multiple sclerosis-induced cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020 Nov;46:102478. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102478. Epub 2020 Aug 30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen MH, Chiaravalloti ND, DeLuca J. Neurological update: cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2021 Dec;268(12):4908-14. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10618-2. Epub 2021 May 24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen MH, Chiaravalloti ND, DeLuca J. Neurological update: cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2021 Dec;268(12):4908-14. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10618-2. Epub 2021 May 24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taylor LA, Mhizha-Murira JR, Smith L, et al. Memory rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Oct;10(10):CD008754. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008754.pub4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taylor LA, Mhizha-Murira JR, Smith L, et al. Memory rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Oct;10(10):CD008754. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008754.pub4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пирадов МА, Бакулин ИС, Забирова АХ и др. Транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция в клинической и исследовательской практике. Пирадов МА, редактор. Москва: Горячая линия – Телеком; 2024. 584 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piradov MA, Bakulin IS, Zabirova AKh, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical and research practice. Moscow: Goryachaya liniya – Telekom; 2024. 584 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лагода ДЮ, Бакулин ИС, Пойдашева АГ и др. фМРТ-направленная ритмическая транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция в терапии когнитивных расстройств при церебральной микроангиопатии. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2024;18(2):24-33. doi: 10.17816/ACEN.1087</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lagoda DYu, Bakulin IS, Poydasheva AG, et al. Functional MRI-guided Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Cognitive Impairment in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Annaly klinicheskoi i eksperimental'noi nevrologii. 2024;18(2):24-33. doi: 10.17816/ACEN.1087 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lanza G, Fisicaro F, Dubbioso R, et al. A comprehensive review of transcranial magnetic stimulation in secondary dementia. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022 Sep;14:995000. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.995000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lanza G, Fisicaro F, Dubbioso R, et al. A comprehensive review of transcranial magnetic stimulation in secondary dementia. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022 Sep;14:995000. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.995000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lefaucheur JP, Aleman A, Baeken C, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014–2018). Clin Neurophysiol. 2020 Feb;131(2):474-528. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.002. Epub 2020 Jan 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lefaucheur JP, Aleman A, Baeken C, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014–2018). Clin Neurophysiol. 2020 Feb;131(2):474-528. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.002. Epub 2020 Jan 1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sabbagh M, Sadowsky C, Tousi B, et al. Effects of a combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and cognitive training intervention in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2020 Apr;16(4):641-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.08.197. Epub 2020 Jan 16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sabbagh M, Sadowsky C, Tousi B, et al. Effects of a combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and cognitive training intervention in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2020 Apr;16(4):641-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.08.197. Epub 2020 Jan 16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rounis E, Huang YZ. Theta burst stimulation in humans: a need for better understanding effects of brain stimulation in health and disease. Exp Brain Res. 2020 Aug;238(7-8):1707-14. doi: 10.1007/s00221-020-05880-1. Epub 2020 Jul 15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rounis E, Huang YZ. Theta burst stimulation in humans: a need for better understanding effects of brain stimulation in health and disease. Exp Brain Res. 2020 Aug;238(7-8):1707-14. doi: 10.1007/s00221-020-05880-1. Epub 2020 Jul 15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wischnewski M, Schutter DJ. Efficacy and Time Course of Theta Burst Stimulation in Healthy Humans. Brain Stimul. 2015 JulAug;8(4):685-92. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.03.004. Epub 2015 Mar 26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wischnewski M, Schutter DJ. Efficacy and Time Course of Theta Burst Stimulation in Healthy Humans. Brain Stimul. 2015 JulAug;8(4):685-92. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.03.004. Epub 2015 Mar 26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hulst HE, Goldschmidt T, Nitsche MA, et al. rTMS affects working memory performance, brain activation and functional connectivity in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 May;88(5):386-94. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-314224. Epub 2016 Dec 14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hulst HE, Goldschmidt T, Nitsche MA, et al. rTMS affects working memory performance, brain activation and functional connectivity in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 May;88(5):386-94. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-314224. Epub 2016 Dec 14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agüera E, Caballero-Villarraso J, Feijoo M, et al. Clinical and Neurochemical Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in Multiple Sclerosis: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Neurol. 2020 Aug;11:750. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00750</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agüera E, Caballero-Villarraso J, Feijoo M, et al. Clinical and Neurochemical Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in Multiple Sclerosis: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Neurol. 2020 Aug;11:750. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00750</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blanchard C, De Dios Perez B, Tindall T, et al. Trial protocol: Feasibility of neuromodulation with connectivity-guided intermittent theta-burst stimulation for improving cognition in multiple sclerosis. Open Med (Wars). 2023 Sep;18(1):20230814. doi: 10.1515/med-2023-0814</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blanchard C, De Dios Perez B, Tindall T, et al. Trial protocol: Feasibility of neuromodulation with connectivity-guided intermittent theta-burst stimulation for improving cognition in multiple sclerosis. Open Med (Wars). 2023 Sep;18(1):20230814. doi: 10.1515/med-2023-0814</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evdoshenko E, Laskova K, Shumilina M, et al. Validation of the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) in the Russian Population. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2022 May;28(5):503-10. doi: 10.1017/S1355617721000722. Epub 2021 Jun 16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evdoshenko E, Laskova K, Shumilina M, et al. Validation of the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) in the Russian Population. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2022 May;28(5):503-10. doi: 10.1017/S1355617721000722. Epub 2021 Jun 16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oldfield RC. The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia. 1971 Mar;9(1):97-113. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oldfield RC. The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia. 1971 Mar;9(1):97-113. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chung SW, Rogasch NC, Hoy KE, et al. Impact of different intensities of intermittent theta burst stimulation on the cortical properties during TMS-EEG and working memory performance. Hum Brain Mapp. 2018 Feb;39(2):783-802. doi: 10.1002/hbm.23882. Epub 2017 Nov 9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chung SW, Rogasch NC, Hoy KE, et al. Impact of different intensities of intermittent theta burst stimulation on the cortical properties during TMS-EEG and working memory performance. Hum Brain Mapp. 2018 Feb;39(2):783-802. doi: 10.1002/hbm.23882. Epub 2017 Nov 9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scarpina F, Tagini S. The Stroop Color and Word Test. Front Psychol. 2017 Apr;8:557. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00557</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scarpina F, Tagini S. The Stroop Color and Word Test. Front Psychol. 2017 Apr;8:557. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00557</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mueller ST, Piper BJ. The Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL) and PEBL Test Battery. J Neurosci Methods. 2014 Jan;222:250-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.10.024. Epub 2013 Nov 20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mueller ST, Piper BJ. The Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL) and PEBL Test Battery. J Neurosci Methods. 2014 Jan;222:250-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.10.024. Epub 2013 Nov 20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haatveit BC, Sundet K, Hugdahl K, et al. The validity of d prime as a working memory index: results from the “Bergen n-back task”. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010 Oct;32(8):871-80. doi: 10.1080/13803391003596421</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haatveit BC, Sundet K, Hugdahl K, et al. The validity of d prime as a working memory index: results from the “Bergen n-back task”. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010 Oct;32(8):871-80. doi: 10.1080/13803391003596421</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gavrilov YV, Shkilnyuk GG, Valko PO, et al. Validation of the Russian version of the Fatigue Impact Scale and Fatigue Severity Scale in multiple sclerosis patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2018 Nov;138(5):408-16. doi: 10.1111/ane.12993</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gavrilov YV, Shkilnyuk GG, Valko PO, et al. Validation of the Russian version of the Fatigue Impact Scale and Fatigue Severity Scale in multiple sclerosis patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2018 Nov;138(5):408-16. doi: 10.1111/ane.12993</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Супонева НА, Бакулин ИС, Пойдашева АГ и др. Частотно-зависимый эффект транскраниальной стимуляции тета-вспышками префронтальной коры на когнитивные функции. Вестник РГМУ. 2023;(6):60-8. doi: 10.24075/vrgmu.2023.045</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suponeva NA, Bakulin IS, Poydasheva AG, et al. Prefrontal cortex transcranial theta-burst stimulation frequency-dependent effects on cognitive functions. Vestnik RGMU. 2023;(6):60-8. doi: 10.24075/vrgmu.2023.045 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel R, Silla F, Pierce S, et al. Cognitive functioning before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): A quantitative meta-analysis in healthy adults. Neuropsychologia. 2020 Apr;141:107395. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107395. Epub 2020 Mar 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel R, Silla F, Pierce S, et al. Cognitive functioning before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): A quantitative meta-analysis in healthy adults. Neuropsychologia. 2020 Apr;141:107395. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107395. Epub 2020 Mar 4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Senczyszyn A, Szczesniak D, Wieczorek T, et al. Improvement of working memory in older adults with mild cognitive impairment after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation – a randomized controlled pilot study. Front Psychiatry. 2023 Nov;14:1196478. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1196478</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Senczyszyn A, Szczesniak D, Wieczorek T, et al. Improvement of working memory in older adults with mild cognitive impairment after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation – a randomized controlled pilot study. Front Psychiatry. 2023 Nov;14:1196478. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1196478</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jia Y, Xu L, Yang K, et al. Precision Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over the Left Parietal Cortex Improves Memory in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021 Jun;13:693611. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.693611</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jia Y, Xu L, Yang K, et al. Precision Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over the Left Parietal Cortex Improves Memory in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021 Jun;13:693611. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.693611</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gaede G, Tiede M, Lorenz I, et al. Safety and preliminary efficacy of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation in MS-related fatigue. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2017 Dec;5(1):e423. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000423</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaede G, Tiede M, Lorenz I, et al. Safety and preliminary efficacy of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation in MS-related fatigue. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2017 Dec;5(1):e423. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000423</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mori F, Ljoka C, Magni E, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation primes the effects of exercise therapy in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2011 Jul;258(7):1281-7. doi: 10.1007/s00415-011-5924-1. Epub 2011 Feb 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mori F, Ljoka C, Magni E, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation primes the effects of exercise therapy in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2011 Jul;258(7):1281-7. doi: 10.1007/s00415-011-5924-1. Epub 2011 Feb 1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korzhova J, Bakulin I, Sinitsyn D, et al. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and intermittent theta-burst stimulation for spasticity management in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2019 Apr;26(4):680-e44. doi: 10.1111/ene.13877. Epub 2019 Jan 15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korzhova J, Bakulin I, Sinitsyn D, et al. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and intermittent theta-burst stimulation for spasticity management in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2019 Apr;26(4):680-e44. doi: 10.1111/ene.13877. Epub 2019 Jan 15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matias-Guiu JA, Gonzalez-Rosa J, Hernandez MA, et al. Amantadine and/or transcranial magnetic stimulation for fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis (FETEM): study protocol for a phase 3 randomised, double-blind, cross-over, controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open. 2024 Jan;14(1):e078661. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen2023-078661</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matias-Guiu JA, Gonzalez-Rosa J, Hernandez MA, et al. Amantadine and/or transcranial magnetic stimulation for fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis (FETEM): study protocol for a phase 3 randomised, double-blind, cross-over, controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open. 2024 Jan;14(1):e078661. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen2023-078661</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
