<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-2711-2023-6-40-47</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-2137</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И МЕТОДИКИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Atrial cardiomyopathy in patients with cryptogenic embolic stroke: incidence, instrumental diagnostic features, impact on prognosis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Предсердная кардиомиопатия у пациентов с криптогенным эмболическим инсультом: частота встречаемости, инструментальные особенности диагностики, влияние на прогноз</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5239-744X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чазов</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chazov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>614990, Пермь, ул. Петропавловская, 26</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>26, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5679-4100</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мехряков</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mekhryakov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>614107, Пермь, ул. КИМ, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2, KIM St., Perm 614107</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6061-8118</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулеш</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulesh</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Александрович Кулеш</p><p>614990, Пермь, ул. Петропавловская, 26; 614107, Пермь, ул. КИМ, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey Alexandrovich Kulesh</p><p>26, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990; 2, KIM St., Perm 614107</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aleksey.kulesh@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8305-1115</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сыромятникова</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Syromyatnikova</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>614990, Пермь, ул. Петропавловская, 26; 614107, Пермь, ул. КИМ, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>26, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990; 2, KIM St., Perm 614107</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1854-8686</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Астанин</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Astanin</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1; 105275, Москва, проспект Буденного, 31</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1, Ostrovityanova St., Build. 10, Moscow 117997; 31, Budennogo Prosp., Moscow 105275</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Пермский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. Е.А. Вагнера» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Acad. E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГАУЗ ПК «Городская клиническая больница №4»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Clinical Hospital Four</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Пермский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. Е.А. Вагнера» Минздрава России; ГАУЗ ПК «Городская клиническая больница № 4»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Acad. E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Пермский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. Е.А. Вагнера» Минздрава России; ГАУЗ ПК «Городская клиническая больница №4»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Acad. E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России; ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда им. акад. Н.Ф. Измерова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.I. Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center, Ministry of Health of Russia; Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Chazov S.A., Mekhryakov S.A., Kulesh A.A., Syromyatnikova L.I., Astanin P.A., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чазов С.А., Мехряков С.А., Кулеш А.А., Сыромятникова Л.И., Астанин П.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chazov S.A., Mekhryakov S.A., Kulesh A.A., Syromyatnikova L.I., Astanin P.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/2137">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/2137</self-uri><abstract><p>Latent atrial fibrillation (AF), whose substrate is atrial cardiomyopathy (AC), is considered the main potential pathogenetic mechanism of cryptogenic embolic stroke (CES). Early detection of AC allows to intensify the search for AF in such patients.</p><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to compare the characteristics of patients with CES in terms of clinical and anamnestic data, echocardiographic parameters, MRI patterns of infarction foci and disease outcomes depending on the presence of the major markers for AC.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. We studied 103 patients in the acute phase of CES with a lesion confirmed by MRI data, who were divided into two groups according to the presence (n=17) or absence (n=86) of AC. A comprehensive clinical, laboratory, and instrumental examination was performed and long-term outcomes were assessed. The median follow-up period was 32 months.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The incidence of AC in the CES population was 17%; the most common markers were an increase in left atrial volume index and paroxysms of supraventricular tachycardia. Patients with AC-CES were characterised by older age and a two-fold increase in the prevalence of coronary heart disease. Patients with AC-CES were nine times more likely to have a "black artery" symptom on MRI than patients without AC. The predictive accuracy of this clinical pattern was 84%, the sensitivity was 60% and the specificity was 86%. Patients with AC-CES had a significantly higher risk (odds ratio 3.4; 95% confidence interval 1.1–9.9; p=0.023) for a composite outcome that included the development of recurrent ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, myocardial infarction or death.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. AC diagnosed by a combination of echocardiographic and electrocardiographic signs is present in 17% of patients with CES. Patients with AC-CES are characterised by elderly age, the presence of atherosclerosis-associated disease, a specific MRI pattern (the “black artery” symptom) and an unfavourable prognosis during the 2.5-year follow-up period.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В качестве ведущего потенциального патогенетического механизма криптогенного эмболического инсульта (КЭИ) рассматривается скрытая фибрилляция предсердий (ФП), субстратом которой является предсердная кардиомиопатия (ПКМ). Своевременное выявление ПКМ позволяет интенсифицировать поиск ФП у таких пациентов.</p><p>Цель исследования – представить сравнительную характеристику пациентов с КЭИ в аспекте клинико-анамнестических данных, параметров эхокардиографии, МРТ-паттерна очагов инфаркта и исходов заболевания в зависимости от наличия основных маркеров ПКМ.</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Обследованы 103 пациента в острейшем периоде КЭИ с подтвержденным очагом по данным МРТ, которые разделены на две группы в зависимости от наличия (n=17) или отсутствия (n=86) ПКМ. Выполнялось развернутое клиническое и лабораторно-инструментальное обследование, оценивались отдаленные исходы. Медианный период наблюдения за пациентами составил 32 мес.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Частота ПКМ в популяции КЭИ составляла 17%, ее наиболее частыми маркерами выступили увеличение индекса объема левого предсердия и пароксизмы наджелудочковой тахикардии. Пациентов с ПКМ-КЭИ характеризовали более старший возраст и двукратное увеличение представленности ишемической болезни сердца. У пациентов с ПКМ-КЭИ в 9 раз чаще наблюдался симптом «черной артерии» на МРТ по сравнению с пациентами без ПКМ. Прогностическая точность данного клинического паттерна составила 84%, чувствительность – 60%, специфичность – 86%. У пациентов с ПКМ-КЭИ значимо чаще (относительный риск 3,4; 95% доверительный интервал 1,1–9,9; p=0,023) наблюдался композитный исход, который включал развитие повторного ишемического инсульта, транзиторной ишемической атаки, инфаркта миокарда или смерть.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. ПКМ, диагностированная на основании комбинации эхокардиографического и электрокардиографического признаков, имеется у 17% пациентов с КЭИ. Пациентов с ПКМ-КЭИ характеризовало преобладание лиц старшего возраста, наличие атеросклероз-ассоциированного заболевания, специфический МРТ-паттерн (симптом «черной артерии»), а также неблагоприятный прогноз в течение 2,5 года наблюдения.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>криптогенный эмболический инсульт</kwd><kwd>предсердная кардиомиопатия</kwd><kwd>магнитно-резонансная томография</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cryptogenic embolic stroke</kwd><kwd>atrial cardiomyopathy</kwd><kwd>magnetic resonance imaging</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The investigation has not been sponsored</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perera KS, Vanassche T, Bosch J, et al; ESUS Global Registry Investigators. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: Prevalence and patient features in the ESUS Global Registry. Int J Stroke. 2016 Jul;11(5):526-33. doi: 10.1177/1747493016641967. Epub 2016 Apr 11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perera KS, Vanassche T, Bosch J, et al; ESUS Global Registry Investigators. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: Prevalence and patient features in the ESUS Global Registry. Int J Stroke. 2016 Jul;11(5):526-33. doi: 10.1177/1747493016641967. Epub 2016 Apr 11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hart RG, Diener HC, Coutts SB, et al; Cryptogenic Stroke/ESUS International Working Group. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: the case for a new clinical construct. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Apr;13(4):42938. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70310-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hart RG, Diener HC, Coutts SB, et al; Cryptogenic Stroke/ESUS International Working Group. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: the case for a new clinical construct. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Apr;13(4):42938. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70310-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кулеш АА, Демин ДА, Виноградов ОИ. Криптогенный инсульт. Часть 1: аорто-артериальная эмболия. Медицинский Совет. 2021;(4):78-87. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2021-4-78-87</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulesh AA, Demin DA, Vinogradov OI. Cryptogenic stroke. Part 1: Aorto-arterial embolism. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2021;(4):78-87. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2021-4-78-87 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кулеш АА, Демин ДА, Белопасова АВ и др. Криптогенный инсульт. Часть 2: парадоксальная эмболия. Медицинский Совет. 2021;(19):16-33. doi: 10.21518/2079701X-2021-19-16-33</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulesh AA, Demin DA, Belopasova AV, et al. Cryptogenic stroke. Part 2: paradoxical embolism. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2021;(19):16-33. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2021-19-16-33 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демин ДА, Кулеш АА, Янишевский СН и др. Криптогенный инсульт. Часть 3: предсердная кардиопатия и скрытая фибрилляция предсердий. Медицинский Совет. 2022;(21):8-18. doi: 10.21518/2079701X-2022-16-21-8-18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demin DA, Kulesh AA, Yanishevskiy SN, et al. Cryptogenic stroke. Part 3: atrial cardiopathy and silent atrial fibrillation. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2022;(21):8-18. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-21-8-18 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ay H, Benner T, Arsava EM, et al. A computerized algorithm for etiologic classification of ischemic stroke: the Causative Classification of Stroke System. Stroke. 2007 Nov;38(11):2979-84. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.490896. Epub 2007 Sep 27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ay H, Benner T, Arsava EM, et al. A computerized algorithm for etiologic classification of ischemic stroke: the Causative Classification of Stroke System. Stroke. 2007 Nov;38(11):2979-84. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.490896. Epub 2007 Sep 27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li TYW, Yeo LLL, Ho JSY, et al. Association of Electrocardiographic P-Wave Markers and Atrial Fibrillation in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;50(1):46-53. doi: 10.1159/000512179. Epub 2020 Dec 11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li TYW, Yeo LLL, Ho JSY, et al. Association of Electrocardiographic P-Wave Markers and Atrial Fibrillation in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;50(1):46-53. doi: 10.1159/000512179. Epub 2020 Dec 11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kamel H, Okin PM, Longstreth WT Jr, et al. Atrial cardiopathy: a broadened concept of left atrial thromboembolism beyond atrial fibrillation. Future Cardiol. 2015 May;11(3):323-31. doi: 10.2217/fca.15.22</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamel H, Okin PM, Longstreth WT Jr, et al. Atrial cardiopathy: a broadened concept of left atrial thromboembolism beyond atrial fibrillation. Future Cardiol. 2015 May;11(3):323-31. doi: 10.2217/fca.15.22</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jalini S, Rajalingam R, Nisenbaum R, et al. Atrial cardiopathy in patients with embolic strokes of unknown source and other stroke etiologies. Neurology. 2019 Jan 22;92(4):e288e294. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006748. Epub 2018 Dec 5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jalini S, Rajalingam R, Nisenbaum R, et al. Atrial cardiopathy in patients with embolic strokes of unknown source and other stroke etiologies. Neurology. 2019 Jan 22;92(4):e288e294. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006748. Epub 2018 Dec 5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silva AR, Pires C, Meira-Carvalho F, et al. Atrial cardiopathy predicts detection of atrial fibrillation in embolic stroke of undetermined source: real-life data. Neurol Sci. 2022 Apr;43(4):2383-6. doi: 10.1007/s10072-02105692-3. Epub 2021 Oct 27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silva AR, Pires C, Meira-Carvalho F, et al. Atrial cardiopathy predicts detection of atrial fibrillation in embolic stroke of undetermined source: real-life data. Neurol Sci. 2022 Apr;43(4):2383-6. doi: 10.1007/s10072-02105692-3. Epub 2021 Oct 27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ntaios G, Perlepe K, Lambrou D, et al. Prevalence and Overlap of Potential Embolic Sources in Patients With Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 Aug 6;8(15):e012858. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012858. Epub 2019 Jul 31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ntaios G, Perlepe K, Lambrou D, et al. Prevalence and Overlap of Potential Embolic Sources in Patients With Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 Aug 6;8(15):e012858. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012858. Epub 2019 Jul 31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yaghi S, Boehme AK, Hazan R, et al. Atrial Cardiopathy and Cryptogenic Stroke: A Crosssectional Pilot Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016 Jan;25(1):110-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.09.001. Epub 2015 Oct 21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yaghi S, Boehme AK, Hazan R, et al. Atrial Cardiopathy and Cryptogenic Stroke: A Crosssectional Pilot Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016 Jan;25(1):110-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.09.001. Epub 2015 Oct 21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tan BYQ, Ho JSY, Sia CH, et al. Left Atrial Volume Index Predicts New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Recurrence in Patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020;49(3):285-91. doi: 10.1159/000508211. Epub 2020 Jun 17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tan BYQ, Ho JSY, Sia CH, et al. Left Atrial Volume Index Predicts New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Recurrence in Patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020;49(3):285-91. doi: 10.1159/000508211. Epub 2020 Jun 17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jordan K, Yaghi S, Poppas A, et al. Left Atrial Volume Index Is Associated With Cardioembolic Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation Detection After Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. Stroke. 2019 Aug;50(8):1997-2001. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025384. Epub 2019 Jun 13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jordan K, Yaghi S, Poppas A, et al. Left Atrial Volume Index Is Associated With Cardioembolic Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation Detection After Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. Stroke. 2019 Aug;50(8):1997-2001. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025384. Epub 2019 Jun 13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hart RG, Sharma M, Mundl H, et al; NAVIGATE ESUS Investigators. Rivaroxaban for Stroke Prevention after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jun 7;378(23):2191-201. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1802686. Epub 2018 May 16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hart RG, Sharma M, Mundl H, et al; NAVIGATE ESUS Investigators. Rivaroxaban for Stroke Prevention after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jun 7;378(23):2191-201. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1802686. Epub 2018 May 16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirchhof P, Toennis T, Goette A, et al. Anticoagulation with Edoxaban in Patients with Atrial High-Rate Episodes. N Engl J Med. 2023;10.1056/NEJMoa2303062. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2303062. Epub 2023 Aug 25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirchhof P, Toennis T, Goette A, et al. Anticoagulation with Edoxaban in Patients with Atrial High-Rate Episodes. N Engl J Med. 2023;10.1056/NEJMoa2303062. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2303062. Epub 2023 Aug 25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perlepe K, Sirimarco G, Strambo D, et al. Left atrial diameter thresholds and new incident atrial fibrillation in embolic stroke of undetermined source. Eur J Intern Med. 2020 May;75:30-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.01.002. Epub 2020 Jan 15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perlepe K, Sirimarco G, Strambo D, et al. Left atrial diameter thresholds and new incident atrial fibrillation in embolic stroke of undetermined source. Eur J Intern Med. 2020 May;75:30-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.01.002. Epub 2020 Jan 15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tajmirriahi M, Salari P, Saadatnia M. Left atrial function index in embolic stroke of undetermined source: A case-control study. Neurol Asia. 2022;27(2):275-9. doi: 10.54029/2022cnz</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tajmirriahi M, Salari P, Saadatnia M. Left atrial function index in embolic stroke of undetermined source: A case-control study. Neurol Asia. 2022;27(2):275-9. doi: 10.54029/2022cnz</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poli S, Diedler J, Härtig F, et al. Insertable cardiac monitors after cryptogenic stroke – a risk factor based approach to enhance the detection rate for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Eur J Neurol. 2016 Feb;23(2):375-81. doi: 10.1111/ene.12843. Epub 2015 Oct 16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poli S, Diedler J, Härtig F, et al. Insertable cardiac monitors after cryptogenic stroke – a risk factor based approach to enhance the detection rate for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Eur J Neurol. 2016 Feb;23(2):375-81. doi: 10.1111/ene.12843. Epub 2015 Oct 16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kneihsl M, Bisping E, Scherr D, et al. Predicting atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke via a clinical risk score-a prospective observational study. Eur J Neurol. 2022 Jan;29(1):149-57. doi: 10.1111/ene.15102. Epub 2021 Sep 23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kneihsl M, Bisping E, Scherr D, et al. Predicting atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke via a clinical risk score-a prospective observational study. Eur J Neurol. 2022 Jan;29(1):149-57. doi: 10.1111/ene.15102. Epub 2021 Sep 23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ntaios G, Perlepe K, Lambrou D, et al. Supraventricular Extrasystoles on Standard 12lead Electrocardiogram Predict New Incident Atrial Fibrillation after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source: The AF-ESUS Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020 Apr;29(4):104626. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104626. Epub 2020 Jan 15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ntaios G, Perlepe K, Lambrou D, et al. Supraventricular Extrasystoles on Standard 12lead Electrocardiogram Predict New Incident Atrial Fibrillation after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source: The AF-ESUS Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020 Apr;29(4):104626. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104626. Epub 2020 Jan 15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vollmuth C, Stoesser S, Neugebauer H, et al. MR-imaging pattern is not a predictor of occult atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. J Neurol. 2019 Dec;266(12):3058-64. doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09524-5. Epub 2019 Sep 11. Erratum in: J Neurol. 2020 Oct;267(10):3117.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vollmuth C, Stoesser S, Neugebauer H, et al. MR-imaging pattern is not a predictor of occult atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. J Neurol. 2019 Dec;266(12):3058-64. doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09524-5. Epub 2019 Sep 11. Erratum in: J Neurol. 2020 Oct;267(10):3117.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Di Meglio L, Derraz I, Solonomenjanahary M, et al; compoCLOT Research Investigators group. Two-layered susceptibility vessel sign is associated with biochemically quantified thrombus red blood cell content. Eur J Neurol. 2020 Jul;27(7):1264-71. doi: 10.1111/ene.14241. Epub 2020 May 3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Di Meglio L, Derraz I, Solonomenjanahary M, et al; compoCLOT Research Investigators group. Two-layered susceptibility vessel sign is associated with biochemically quantified thrombus red blood cell content. Eur J Neurol. 2020 Jul;27(7):1264-71. doi: 10.1111/ene.14241. Epub 2020 May 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang DW, Jeong HG, Kim DY, et al. Prediction of Stroke Subtype and Recanalization Using Susceptibility Vessel Sign on Susceptibility-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Stroke. 2017 Jun;48(6):1554-9. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016217. Epub 2017 Apr 21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang DW, Jeong HG, Kim DY, et al. Prediction of Stroke Subtype and Recanalization Using Susceptibility Vessel Sign on Susceptibility-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Stroke. 2017 Jun;48(6):1554-9. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016217. Epub 2017 Apr 21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bourcier R, Derraz I, Delasalle B, et al; THRACE investigators. Susceptibility Vessel Sign and Cardioembolic Etiology in the THRACE Trial. Clin Neuroradiol. 2019 Dec;29(4):685-92. doi: 10.1007/s00062-0180699-8. Epub 2018 Jun 12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bourcier R, Derraz I, Delasalle B, et al; THRACE investigators. Susceptibility Vessel Sign and Cardioembolic Etiology in the THRACE Trial. Clin Neuroradiol. 2019 Dec;29(4):685-92. doi: 10.1007/s00062-0180699-8. Epub 2018 Jun 12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alhazmi H, Bani-Sadr A, Bochaton T, et al. Large vessel cardioembolic stroke and embolic stroke of undetermined source share a common profile of matrix metalloproteinase-9 level and susceptibility vessel sign length. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Jun;28(6):1977-83. doi: 10.1111/ene.14806. Epub 2021 Apr 17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alhazmi H, Bani-Sadr A, Bochaton T, et al. Large vessel cardioembolic stroke and embolic stroke of undetermined source share a common profile of matrix metalloproteinase-9 level and susceptibility vessel sign length. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Jun;28(6):1977-83. doi: 10.1111/ene.14806. Epub 2021 Apr 17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Del Brutto VJ, Diener HC, Easton JD, et al. Predictors of Recurrent Stroke After Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source in the RE-SPECT ESUS Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022 Jun 7;11(11):e023545. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.023545. Epub 2022 Jun 3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Del Brutto VJ, Diener HC, Easton JD, et al. Predictors of Recurrent Stroke After Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source in the RE-SPECT ESUS Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022 Jun 7;11(11):e023545. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.023545. Epub 2022 Jun 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hou Y, Elmashad A, Staff I, et al. Potential Embolic Sources Differ in Patients With Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source According to Age: A 15-Year Study. Front Neurol. 2022 May 17;13:860827. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.860827</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hou Y, Elmashad A, Staff I, et al. Potential Embolic Sources Differ in Patients With Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source According to Age: A 15-Year Study. Front Neurol. 2022 May 17;13:860827. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.860827</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jagadeesan V, Culver A, Raiker N, et al. Left Atrial Dilation and Risk of One-Year Readmission after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020 Aug;29(8):104975. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104975. Epub 2020 Jun 9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jagadeesan V, Culver A, Raiker N, et al. Left Atrial Dilation and Risk of One-Year Readmission after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020 Aug;29(8):104975. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104975. Epub 2020 Jun 9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
