<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-27112023-5-35-38</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-2102</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И МЕТОДИКИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Comprehensive diagnosis of cervical dystonia and the efficacy of long-term (three-year) botulinum therapy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Комплексная диагностика цервикальной дистонии и эффективность длительной (трехлетней) ботулинотерапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-2668</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Толмачева</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tolmacheva</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виолетта Александровна Толмачева - кафедра нервных болезней и нейрохирургии.</p><p>119021, Москва, ул. Россолимо, 11, стр.1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Violetta Aleksandrovna Tolmacheva  - Department of Nervous Diseases and Neurosurgery.</p><p>11, Rossolimo St., Build. 1, Moscow 119021</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vtolmacheva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2228-6316</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петелин</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petelin</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра психиатрии и психосоматики.</p><p>119021, Москва, ул. Россолимо, 11, стр.1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Psychiatry and Psychosomatics.</p><p>11, Rossolimo St., Build. 1, Moscow 119021</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1667-5355</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волель</surname><given-names>Б. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volel</surname><given-names>B. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра психиатрии и психосоматики.</p><p>119021, Москва, ул. Россолимо, 11, стр.1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Psychiatry and Psychosomatics.</p><p>11, Rossolimo St., Build. 1, Moscow 119021</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Tolmacheva V.A., Petelin D.S., Volel B.A., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Толмачева В.А., Петелин Д.С., Волель Б.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tolmacheva V.A., Petelin D.S., Volel B.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/2102">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/2102</self-uri><abstract><p>Cervical dystonia (CD) is common in outpatient practice but in many cases is diagnosed at late stages. The efficacy of long-term botulinum therapy (BT) in CD has been poorly studied.</p><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to analyse the typical practice of treating patients with CD and the efficacy of long-term BT therapy (three years).</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Sixty-three patients (43 women and 20 men) diagnosed with CD (mean age 51 [42; 63] years) participated in the study. We performed an analysis of typical practice of managing patients with CD before starting BT. The mean duration of disease at the time of referral was 6 [4; 10] years. Patients received repeated injections of BT at 10–20 week intervals; BT was administered under electromyographic control and ultrasound navigation. The severity of CD was assessed using the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWRSTW), quality of life using the EuroQol-5D questionnaire (EQ-5D) questionnaire, and anxiety level using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire scale-7, GAD-7). Patients' condition was assessed at baseline, 1 month after BT, and after 3 years against the background of regular BT. The severity of the disease before BT was 36.71±3.6 points. The control group consisted of 46 healthy subjects (39 women and 7 men, mean age 53.8±12.3 years).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The diagnosis of CD was made on average 2.3±1.1 years after the onset of the first symptoms, BT was started on average 5±2.6 years after diagnosis. At the first visit to the physician, CD was detected in only 32% of cases. In the CD group there was an increase in the severity of anxiety up to 9.93±4.7 points (in the control group – 4.28±3.5 points; p≤0.05) and a decrease in quality of life down to 62.53±12.1 points (in the control group – 86.38±6.4 points; p≤0.05). One month after BT, a significant decrease in the severity of the disease was observed – from 36.7±13.6 to 13.3±10.8 points (p≤0.05). After three years of regular BT the severity of the disease decreased to 12.7±10.5 points (p≤0.05), the level of anxiety decreased to 5.2±3.7 points (p≤0.05), the patients' quality of life increased up to 77.93±8.4 points (p≤0.05).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. CD is still underdiagnosed in practice, and BT is not prescribed until several years after the onset of the disease. Regular and longterm use of BT not only reduces the severity of CD, but also reduces the severity of anxiety disorders and improves patients' quality of life.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цервикальная дистония (ЦД) часто встречается в амбулаторной практике, однако во многих случаях диагностируется на поздних стадиях; эффективность длительной ботулинотерапии (БТ) при ЦД мало изучена.</p><p>Цель исследования – анализ типичной практики ведения пациентов с ЦД и эффективность длительной (трехлетней) БТ.</p><sec><title>Материал иметоды</title><p>Материал иметоды. Висследовании приняли участие 63 пациента (43 женщины и20 мужчин) сдиагнозом ЦД (средний возраст– 51,0 [42,0; 63,0] года). Проводился анализ типичной практики ведения пациентов с ЦД до начала БТ. Средняя продолжительность заболевания на момент обращения – 6 [4; 10] лет. Пациенты получали повторные введения БТ с интервалом 10–20 нед, БТ осуществлялась под электромиографическим контролем иульразуковой навигацией. Тяжесть ЦД оценивали при помощи Шкалы спастической кривошеи Западного Торонто (Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale, TWRSTW), качество жизни – на основании опросника EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D), уровень тревоги – по шкале Опросника генерализованного тревожного расстройства (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, GAD-7). Состояние пациентов оценивали на момент первичного осмотра, через 1 мес после проведения БТ и через 3 года на фоне регулярной БТ. Тяжесть заболевания до БТ составила 36,71±3,6 балла. Группу контроля составили 46 здоровых лиц (39 женщин и 7 мужчин, средний возраст – 53,8±12,3 года).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Диагноз ЦД устанавливался в среднем через 2,3±1,1 года с момента появления первых симптомов, БТ начиналась в среднем через 5,0±2,6 года после постановки диагноза. При первом обращении к врачу ЦД была установлена лишь в 32% случаев. В группе ЦД наблюдались повышение выраженности тревоги до 9,93±4,7 балла (в контрольной группе – 4,28±3,5 балла; р≤0,05) и снижение качества жизни до 62,53±12,1 балла (в контроле – 86,38±6,4 балла; р≤0,05). Через 1 мес после БТ отмечено существенное снижение тяжести заболевания – с 36,7±13,6 до 13,3±10,8 балла (р≤0,05). Через три года регулярной БТ тяжесть заболевания уменьшилась до 12,7±10,5 балла (р≤0,05), уровень тревоги снизился до 5,2±3,7 балла (р≤0,05), качество жизни пациентов повысилось до 77,93±8,4 балла (р≤0,05).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Диагностика ЦД сохраняется на низком уровне, применение БТ начинается лишь спустя несколько лет после дебюта заболевания. Регулярное длительное применение БТ не только уменьшает выраженность ЦД, но и снижает уровень тревожных расстройств, а также повышает качество жизни пациентов.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цервикальная дистония</kwd><kwd>ботулинотерапия</kwd><kwd>качество жизни</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cervical dystonia</kwd><kwd>botulinum therapy</kwd><kwd>quality of life</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The investigation has not been sponsored</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Defazio G, Jankovic J, Giel JL, Papapetropoulos S. Descriptive epidemiology of cervical dystonia. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2013 Nov 4;3:tre-03-193-4374-2. doi: 10.7916/D80C4TGJ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Defazio G, Jankovic J, Giel JL, Papapetropoulos S. Descriptive epidemiology of cervical dystonia. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2013 Nov 4;3:tre-03-193-4374-2. doi: 10.7916/D80C4TGJ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jankovic J, Tsui J, Bergeron C. Prevalence of cervical dystonia and spasmodic torticollis in the United States general population. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007 Oct;13(7):4116. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.02.005. Epub 2007 Apr 17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jankovic J, Tsui J, Bergeron C. Prevalence of cervical dystonia and spasmodic torticollis in the United States general population. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007 Oct;13(7):4116. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.02.005. Epub 2007 Apr 17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hok P, Veverka T, Hlustik P, et al. The Central Effects of Botulinum Toxin in Dystonia and Spasticity. Toxins (Basel). 2021 Feb 17;13(2):155. doi: 10.3390/toxins13020155</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hok P, Veverka T, Hlustik P, et al. The Central Effects of Botulinum Toxin in Dystonia and Spasticity. Toxins (Basel). 2021 Feb 17;13(2):155. doi: 10.3390/toxins13020155</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman SB, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Mov Disord. 2013 Jun 15;28(7):863-73. doi: 10.1002/mds.25475. Epub 2013 May 6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albanese A, Bhatia K, Bressman SB, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Mov Disord. 2013 Jun 15;28(7):863-73. doi: 10.1002/mds.25475. Epub 2013 May 6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jog M, Chouinard S, Hobson D, et al. Causes for treatment delays in dystonia and hemifacial spasm: a Canadian survey. Can J Neurol Sci. 2011 Sep;38(5):704-11. doi: 10.1017/s0317167100012270</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jog M, Chouinard S, Hobson D, et al. Causes for treatment delays in dystonia and hemifacial spasm: a Canadian survey. Can J Neurol Sci. 2011 Sep;38(5):704-11. doi: 10.1017/s0317167100012270</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdo WF, van de Warrenburg BP, Burn DJ, et al. The clinical approach to movement disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Jan;6(1):29-37. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.196</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdo WF, van de Warrenburg BP, Burn DJ, et al. The clinical approach to movement disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Jan;6(1):29-37. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.196</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neeraja K, Prasad S, Surisetti BK, et al. Cervical Myeloradiculopathy and Atlantoaxial Instability in Cervical Dystonia. World Neurosurg. 2021 Feb;146:e1287-e1292. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.11.153. Epub 2020 Dec 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neeraja K, Prasad S, Surisetti BK, et al. Cervical Myeloradiculopathy and Atlantoaxial Instability in Cervical Dystonia. World Neurosurg. 2021 Feb;146:e1287-e1292. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.11.153. Epub 2020 Dec 4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vergallo A, Cocco A, De Santis T, et al. Eligibility criteria in clinical trials for cervical dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2022 Nov;104:110-4. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.10.003. Epub 2022 Oct 7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vergallo A, Cocco A, De Santis T, et al. Eligibility criteria in clinical trials for cervical dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2022 Nov;104:110-4. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.10.003. Epub 2022 Oct 7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moussavi S, Chatterji S, Verdes E, et al. Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet. 2007 Sep 8;370(9590):851-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61415-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moussavi S, Chatterji S, Verdes E, et al. Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet. 2007 Sep 8;370(9590):851-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61415-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu X, Cao H, Zhu H, et al. Association of chronic diseases with depression, anxiety and stress in Chinese general population: The CHCN-BTH cohort study. J Affect Disord. 2021 Mar 1;282:1278-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.040. Epub 2021 Jan 14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu X, Cao H, Zhu H, et al. Association of chronic diseases with depression, anxiety and stress in Chinese general population: The CHCN-BTH cohort study. J Affect Disord. 2021 Mar 1;282:1278-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.040. Epub 2021 Jan 14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Салоухина НИ, Нодель МР, Толмачева ВА. Недвигательные нарушения у пациентов с мышечной дистонией. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. C.C. Корсакова. 2018;118(9):98-105. doi: 10.17116/jnevro201811809198</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salouchina NI, Nodel' MR, Tolmacheva VA. Non-motor disorders in patients with muscular dystonia. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2018;118(9):98-105. doi: 10.17116/jnevro201811809198 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Medina Escobar A, Martino D, Goodarzi Z. The prevalence of anxiety in adult-onset isolated dystonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Dec;28(12):4238-50. doi: 10.1111/ene.15050. Epub 2021 Aug 16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medina Escobar A, Martino D, Goodarzi Z. The prevalence of anxiety in adult-onset isolated dystonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Dec;28(12):4238-50. doi: 10.1111/ene.15050. Epub 2021 Aug 16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нодель МР, Салоухина НИ, Толмачева ВА. Влияние недвигательных расстройств на качество жизни пациентов с цервикальной мышечной дистонией. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2022;14(3):19-25. doi: 10.14412/20742711-2022-3-19-25</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nodel MR, Salouhina NI, Tolmacheva VA. The impact of non-motor disorders on the quality of life of patients with cervical muscular dystonia. Nevrologiya, neyropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2022;14(3):1925. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2022-3-19-25 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Толмачева ВА, Юзбашян ПГ, Петелин ДС и др. Расстройства тревожнодепрессивного спектра при цервикальной дистонии. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2022;14(4):38-43. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2022-4-38-43</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tolmacheva VA, Yuzbashyan PG, Petelin DS, et al. Anxiety-depressive spectrum disorders in cervical dystonia. Nevrologiya, neyropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2022;14(4):3843. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2022-4-38-43 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дружинина ОА, Жукова НГ, Шперлинг ЛП, Новотный ДA. Цервикальная дистония: немоторные аспекты. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2020;12(3):69-74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Druzhinina OA, Zhukova NG, Shperling LP, Novotnyi DA. Cervical dystonia: non-motor aspects. Nevrologiya, neyropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2020;12(3):69-74. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2020-3-69-74 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colosimo C, Tiple D, Berardelli A. Efficacy and safety of long-term botulinum toxin treatment in craniocervical dystonia: a systematic review. Neurotox Res. 2012 Nov;22(4):265-73. doi: 10.1007/s12640-012-9314-y. Epub 2012 Feb 23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colosimo C, Tiple D, Berardelli A. Efficacy and safety of long-term botulinum toxin treatment in craniocervical dystonia: a systematic review. Neurotox Res. 2012 Nov;22(4):265-73. doi: 10.1007/s12640-012-9314-y. Epub 2012 Feb 23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colosimo C, Charles D, Misra VP, et al; INTEREST IN CD2 study group. Cumulative effects of long-term treatment with abobotulinumtoxinA in cervical dystonia: Findings from a prospective, observational study. J Neurol Sci. 2020 Sep 15;416:117015. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117015. Epub 2020 Jul 9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colosimo C, Charles D, Misra VP, et al; INTEREST IN CD2 study group. Cumulative effects of long-term treatment with abobotulinumtoxinA in cervical dystonia: Findings from a prospective, observational study. J Neurol Sci. 2020 Sep 15;416:117015. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117015. Epub 2020 Jul 9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomic S, Petkovic I, Pucic T, et al. Cervical dystonia and quality of life. Acta Neurol Belg. 2016 Dec;116(4):589-92. doi: 10.1007/s13760016-0634-1. Epub 2016 May 2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomic S, Petkovic I, Pucic T, et al. Cervical dystonia and quality of life. Acta Neurol Belg. 2016 Dec;116(4):589-92. doi: 10.1007/s13760016-0634-1. Epub 2016 May 2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Novaretti N, Cunha ALN, Bezerra TC, et al. The Prevalence and Correlation of Non-motor Symptoms in Adult Patients with Idiopathic Focal or Segmental Dystonia. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2019 Feb 4;9:596. doi: 10.7916/fhnv-v355</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novaretti N, Cunha ALN, Bezerra TC, et al. The Prevalence and Correlation of Non-motor Symptoms in Adult Patients with Idiopathic Focal or Segmental Dystonia. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2019 Feb 4;9:596. doi: 10.7916/fhnv-v355</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodrigues FB, Duarte GS, Marques RE, et al. Botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 12;11(11):CD003633. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003633.pub4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodrigues FB, Duarte GS, Marques RE, et al. Botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 12;11(11):CD003633. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003633.pub4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
