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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-2711-2023-1-36-42</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-1951</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И МЕТОДИКИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Glioneuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation in drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Глионейрональный апоптоз и нейровоспаление при фармакорезистентной височной эпилепсии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3573-0874</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Владиславовна Соколова</p><p>191014, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Маяковского, 12</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana Vladislavovna Sokolova</p><p>191014, St. Petersburg, Mayakovsky St., 12</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">igh-lab@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7810-0832</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литовченко</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Litovchenko</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194223, Санкт-Петербург, пр. Тореза, 44</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>194223, St. Petersburg, Toreza Prosp., 44</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5451-3555</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Парамонова</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Paramonova</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194223, Санкт-Петербург, пр. Тореза, 44</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>194223, St. Petersburg, Toreza Prosp., 44</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1586-216X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Касумов</surname><given-names>В. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kasumov</surname><given-names>V. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург, Литовская ул., 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>194100, St. Petersburg, Litovskaya St., 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1469-5926</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кравцова</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kravtsova</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>191014, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Маяковского, 12</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>191014, St. Petersburg, Mayakovsky St., 12</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нездоровина</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nezdorovina</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>191014, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Маяковского, 12</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>191014, St. Petersburg, Mayakovsky St., 12</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9721-3827</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ситовская</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sitovskaya</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>191014, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Маяковского, 12</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>191014, St. Petersburg, Mayakovsky St., 12</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7008-6389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скитева</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Skiteva</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>191014, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Маяковского, 12</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>191014, St. Petersburg, Mayakovsky St., 12</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9763-504X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бажанова</surname><given-names>Е. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bazhanova</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194223, Санкт-Петербург, пр. Тореза, 44192019, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Бехтерева, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>194223, St. Petersburg, Toreza Prosp., 44192019, St. Petersburg, Bekhtereva St., 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6206-2133</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Забродская</surname><given-names>Ю. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zabrodskaya</surname><given-names>Y. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>191014, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Маяковского, 12192019, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Бехтерева, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>191014, St. Petersburg, Mayakovsky St., 12192019, St. Petersburg, Bekhtereva St., 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский научно-исследовательский нейрохирургический институт им. проф. А.Л. Поленова –&#13;
филиал ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Polenov Neurosurgical Institute, Almazov National Medical Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Институт эволюционной физиологии и биохимии им. И.М. Сеченова» РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Science</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Институт эволюционной физиологии и биохимии им. И.М. Сеченова» РАН; ФГБУ «Научно-клинический центр токсикологии им. акад. С.Н. Голикова Федерального медико-биологического агентства»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Science; Golikov Research Center of Toxicology, Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский научно-исследовательский нейрохирургический институт им. проф. А.Л. Поленова –&#13;
филиал ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова»; ФГБУ «Научно-клинический центр токсикологии им. акад. С.Н. Голикова Федерального медико-биологического агентства»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Polenov Neurosurgical Institute, Almazov National Medical Centre; Golikov Research Center of Toxicology, Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>02</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>36</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Sokolova T.V., Litovchenko A.V., Paramonova N.M., Kasumov V.R., Kravtsova S.V., Nezdorovina V.G., Sitovskaya D.A., Skiteva E.N., Bazhanova E.D., Zabrodskaya Y.M., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Соколова Т.В., Литовченко А.В., Парамонова Н.М., Касумов В.Р., Кравцова С.В., Нездоровина В.Г., Ситовская Д.А., Скитева Е.Н., Бажанова Е.Д., Забродская Ю.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sokolova T.V., Litovchenko A.V., Paramonova N.M., Kasumov V.R., Kravtsova S.V., Nezdorovina V.G., Sitovskaya D.A., Skiteva E.N., Bazhanova E.D., Zabrodskaya Y.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1951">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1951</self-uri><abstract><p>The study of glioneuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation is extremely important for understanding the causes of epilepsy. Currently, the focus is on neuronal apoptosis and certain aspects of neuroinflammation, while glial apoptosis remains poorly understood.Objective: to evaluate neuronal and glial apoptosis in conjunction with neuroinflammation in the area of the epileptic focus in patients with focal drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE).Material and methods. Biopsy specimens of the cortex and white matter of the temporal lobe of the brain from 30 patients with focal DRE due to focal cortical dysplasia were studied. We evaluated pathological changes and structural signs of apoptosis, levels of apoptotic and pro-inflam-matory factors such as caspase-3, caspase-9, FAS, FAS ligand (FAS-L), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), p53, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Histological methods, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunohistochemical study (IHC), and Western blot (WB) were used. The comparison group consisted of 21 people without epilepsy and brain involvement.Results. In DRE patients IHC revealed the expression of active caspase-3 in single neurons (20% of cases) and in gliocytes of the cerebral cortex and white matter (100% of cases). TEM revealed ultrastructural signs of apoptosis in all cases in neurons and oligodendrocytes. The WB of the epileptic focus showed an increased expression of the apoptotic factors caspase-9, FAS, p53 and pro-inflammatory factors TNFα, NF-κB.Conclusion. The results obtained indicate the presence of associated apoptosis and neuroinflammation processes of in DRE. Glial apoptosis is actively involved in epileptogenesis. The main part of apoptotic glia is oligodendrocytes, which explains the well-known phenomenon of myelin damage in epilepsy. Along with neuronal apoptosis, oligodendrocyte apoptosis together with neuroinflammation forms a self-sustaining pathological focus, which contributes to the progression of the disease and the occurrence of relapses.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Изучение глионейронального апоптоза и нейровоспаления крайне важно для понимания причин развития эпилепсии. В настоящее время основное внимание уделяется нейрональному апоптозу и отдельным аспектам нейровоспаления, в то время как апоптоз глии остается малоизученным.Цель исследования – оценить нейрональный и глиальный апоптоз в сопряжении с нейровоспалением в области эпилептического очага у пациентов с фокальной фармакорезистентной эпилепсией (ФРЭ).Материал и методы. Изучены биоптаты коры и белого вещества височной доли головного мозга от 30 пациентов с фокальной ФРЭ, обусловленной фокальной кортикальной дисплазией. Оценены патологические изменения и структурные признаки апоптоза, уровни апоптотических и провоспалительных факторов, таких как каспаза-3, каспаза-9, FAS, FAS-лиганд (FAS-L), фактор некроза опухоли α (ФНОα), p53, ядерный фактор κB (NF-κB). Использованы гистологические методы, трансмиссионная электронная микроскопия (ТЭМ), иммуногистохимическое исследование (ИГХ) и вестерн-блот (ВБ). Группу сравнения составил 21 человек без эпилепсии и поражения головного мозга.Результаты. ИГХ выявила экспрессию активной каспазы-3 в единичных нейронах (20% случаев) и в глиоцитах коры головного мозга и белого вещества (100% случаев) у пациентов с ФРЭ. При ТЭМ ультраструктурные признаки апоптоза обнаружены во всех случаях в нейронах и олигодендроцитах. ВБ эпилептического очага показал повышенную экспрессию факторов апоптоза каспазы-9, FAS, p53 и провоспалительных факторов ФНОα, NF-κB.Заключение. Полученные результаты указывают на наличие сопряженных процессов апоптоза и нейровоспаления при ФРЭ. Показано активное участие апоптоза глии в эпилептогенезе. Oсновную часть апоптотической глии составляют олигодендроциты, что объясняет известный феномен повреждения миелина при эпилепсии. Наряду с апоптозом нейронов, олигодендроцитарный апоптоз совместно с нейровоспалением формирует самоподдерживающийся патологический очаг, что способствует прогрессированию заболевания и возникновению рецидивов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фармакорезистентная эпилепсия</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd><kwd>нейроны</kwd><kwd>олигодендроглия</kwd><kwd>глия</kwd><kwd>каспаза-3</kwd><kwd>ультраструктура</kwd><kwd>нейровоспаление</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>drug resistant epilepsy</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd><kwd>neurons</kwd><kwd>oligodendroglia</kwd><kwd>glia</kwd><kwd>caspase-3</kwd><kwd>ultrastructure</kwd><kwd>neuroinflammation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена по государственному заданию Минздрава России НМИЦ им. В.А. Алмазова №122041500057-1 и при поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (проект №20-015-00127), государственного задания ИЭФБ РАН, на оборудовании ЦКП ИЭФБ РАН.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out according to the government program of the Ministry of Health of Russia by Almazov National Medical Centre No. 122041500057-1 and with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 20-015-00127), the government program IEPhB RAS, using the equipment of the Center for Collective Use of the IEPhB RAS.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gidal BE, Ferry J, Reyderman L, et al. Use of extended-release and immediate-release anti-seizure medications with a long half-life to improve adherence in epilepsy: A guide for clinicians. 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