nnpNeurology, Neuropsychiatry, PsychosomaticsНеврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика2074-27112310-1342"IMA-Press", LLC10.14412/2074-2711-2022-6-80-88nnp-1925Research ArticleREVIEWSОБЗОРЫDrug-induced non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage associated with the use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agentsЛекарственно-индуцированные нетравматические внутричерепные кровоизлияния, ассоциированные с применением антикоагулянтов и антиагрегантовhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0795-8225ОстроумоваО. Д.OstroumovaO. D.

Ольга Дмитриевна Остроумова

125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1119021, Москва, ул. Россолимо, 11, стр. 2

Olga Dmitrievna Ostroumova

125993, Moscow, Barrikadnaya St., 2/1, Build. 1119021, Moscow, Rossolimo St., 11, Build. 2

ostroumova.olga@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0401-1132ЛистратовА. И.ListratovA. I.

125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1

125993, Moscow, Barrikadnaya St., 2/1, Build. 1

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1499-247XОстроумоваТ. М.OstroumovaT. M.

119021, Москва, ул. Россолимо, 11, стр. 1

119021, Moscow, Rossolimo St., 11, Build. 1

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5801-3742КочетковА. И.KochetkovA. I.

125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1

125993, Moscow, Barrikadnaya St., 2/1, Build. 1

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4496-3680СычевД. А.SychevD. A.

125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1

125993, Moscow, Barrikadnaya St., 2/1, Build. 1

Кафедра терапии и полиморбидной патологии им. акад. М.С. Вовси ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России; Кафедра клинической фармакологии и пропедевтики внутренних болезней Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияDepartment of Therapy and Polymorbid pathology named after academician M.S. Vovsi, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Internal Diseases Propaedeutics, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of RussiaRussian FederationКафедра терапии и полиморбидной патологии им. акад. М.С. Вовси ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава РоссииРоссияDepartment of Therapy and Polymorbid pathology named after academician M.S. Vovsi, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Ministry of Health of RussiaRussian FederationКафедра нервных болезней и нейрохирургии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияDepartment of Nervous System Diseases and Neurosurgery, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of RussiaRussian FederationКафедра клинической фармакологии и терапии им. акад. Б.Е. Вотчала ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава РоссииРоссияDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy named after academician B.E. Votchal, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Ministry of Health of RussiaRussian Federation2022191220221468088Copyright © Ostroumova O.D., Listratov A.I., Ostroumova T.M., Kochetkov A.I., Sychev D.A., 20222022Остроумова О.Д., Листратов А.И., Остроумова Т.М., Кочетков А.И., Сычев Д.А.Ostroumova O.D., Listratov A.I., Ostroumova T.M., Kochetkov A.I., Sychev D.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1925

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is characterized by a high level of disability and mortality. One of the most important reasons that lead to an increased risk and an increase in the ICH prevalence are antithrombotic drugs: anticoagulant, antiplatelet and thrombolytic. The main risk factors for ICH are advanced age, arterial hypertension, and the use of antithrombotic drugs of different groups. Treatment of ICH while taking drugs affecting hemostasis, is an extremely difficult task and there is not enough sufficiently convincing recommendations and evidence. The decision to resume therapy with the drug, that led to the development of ICH, and the timing of this resumption, is also not a completely clear problem that requires a balance between ischemic and hemorrhagic complications. The most important aspect of prevention is strict adherence to current recommendations regarding combinations of antithrombotic drugs and protocols for thrombolytic therapy, which will minimize the risks of ICH.

Внутричерепное кровоизлияние (ВЧК) характеризуется высоким уровнем инвалидизации и смертности. Одной из важнейших причин, которые приводят к повышению риска и увеличению распространенности ВЧК, являются антитромботические препараты: антикоагулянтные, антиагрегантные и тромболитические. Основными факторами риска ВЧК являются пожилой возраст, артериальная гипертензия и применение антитромботических препаратов разных групп. Лечение ВЧК на фоне приема данных препаратов, влияющих на состояние гемостаза, представляет собой чрезвычайно сложную задачу, которая не имеет под собой достаточного количества убедительных рекомендаций и доказательных данных. Решение вопроса о необходимости возобновления терапии препаратом, который привел к развитию ВЧК, и о временных рамках данного возобновления также является до конца не ясной проблемой, требующей баланса между ишемическими и геморрагическими осложнениями. Важнейшим аспектом профилактики является четкое следование актуальным рекомендациям, касающимся комбинаций антитромботических препаратов и протоколам тромболитической терапии, что позволит минимизировать риски ВЧК.

геморрагический инсультвнутричерепное кровоизлияниевнутримозговое кровоизлияниелекарственно-индуцированное внутримозговое кровоизлияниелекарственно-индуцированное внутричерепное кровоизлияниеантикоагулянтыантиагрегантытромболитические препаратыhemorrhagic strokeintracranial hemorrhageintracerebral hemorrhagedrug-induced intracerebral hemorrhagedrug-induced intracranial hemorrhageanticoagulantsantiplatelet agentsthrombolytic drugsReferencesКлинические рекомендации. Геморрагический инсульт. Минздрав России, Ассоциация нейрохирургов России, Всероссийское общество неврологов, Ассоциация анестезиологов и реаниматологов России, Ассоциация реабилитологов России. Пересмотр 2020 г. Доступно по ссылке: https://ruans.org/Text/Guidelines/hemorrhagic_stroke-2020.pdf (дата обращения 09.07.2022).Clinical guidelines. hemorrhagic stroke. Ministry of Health of Russia, Association of Neurosurgeons of Russia, All-Russian Society of Neurologists, Association of Anesthesiologists and Resuscitators of Russia, Association of Rehabilitologists of Russia. 2020 revision. Available from: https://ruans.org/Text/Guidelines/hemorrhagic_stroke-2020.pdf (accessed 09.07.2022) (In Russ.).Парфенов ВА. Нарушения мозгового кровообращения. В кн.: Парфенов ВА, Яхно НН, Зиновьева ОЕ. Нервные болезни. Москва: ООО «Издательство «Медицинское информационное агентство»; 2021. С. 22-72.Parfenov VA. Cerebral circulation disorders. In: Parfenov VA, Yakhno NN, Zinovieva OE. Nervnye bolezni [Nervous diseases]. Moscow: OOO Publishing House Medical Information Agency; 2021. P. 22-72 (In Russ.).Парфенов ВА, Кулеш АА. Цереброваскулярное заболевание с когнитивными нарушениями. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2021;121(9):121-30. doi:10.17116/jnevro2021121091121Parfenov VA, Kulesh AA. Cerebrovascular disease with neurocognitive impairment. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova = S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2021;121(9):121-30. doi:10.17116/jnevro2021121091121 (In Russ.).Unnithan AKA, Mehta P. Hemorrhagic Stroke. [Updated 2022 Feb 5]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559173/Unnithan AKA, Mehta P. Hemorrhagic Stroke. [Updated 2022 Feb 5]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559173/An SJ, Kim TJ, Yoon BW. Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Features of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Update. J Stroke. 2017 Jan;19(1):3-10. doi:10.5853/jos.2016.00864An SJ, Kim TJ, Yoon BW. Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Features of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Update. J Stroke. 2017 Jan;19(1):3-10. doi:10.5853/jos.2016.00864Tisdale JE, Miller DA. Drug Induced Diseases: Prevention, Detection, and Management. 3rd ed. Bethesda, Md: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2018. P. 237-51.Tisdale JE, Miller DA. Drug Induced Diseases: Prevention, Detection, and Management. 3rd ed. Bethesda, Md: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2018. P. 237-51.Hart RG, Tonarelli SB, Pearce LA. Avoiding central nervous system bleeding during antithrombotic therapy: recent data and ideas. Stroke. 2005 Jul;36(7):1588-93. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000170642.39876.f2Hart RG, Tonarelli SB, Pearce LA. Avoiding central nervous system bleeding during antithrombotic therapy: recent data and ideas. Stroke. 2005 Jul;36(7):1588-93. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000170642.39876.f2Liotta EM, Prabhakaran S. Warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage is increasing in prevalence in the United States. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013 Oct;22(7):1151-5. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.11.015Liotta EM, Prabhakaran S. Warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage is increasing in prevalence in the United States. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013 Oct;22(7):1151-5. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.11.015Franke CL, de Jonge J, van Swieten JC, et al. Intracerebral hematomas during anticoagulant treatment. Stroke. 1990 May;21(5):726-30. doi:10.1161/01.str.21.5.726Franke CL, de Jonge J, van Swieten JC, et al. Intracerebral hematomas during anticoagulant treatment. Stroke. 1990 May;21(5):726-30. doi:10.1161/01.str.21.5.726Lee SB, Manno EM, Layton KF, Wijdicks EF. Progression of warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage after INR normalization with FFP. Neurology. 2006 Oct 10;67(7):1272-4. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000238104.75563.2fLee SB, Manno EM, Layton KF, Wijdicks EF. Progression of warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage after INR normalization with FFP. Neurology. 2006 Oct 10;67(7):1272-4. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000238104.75563.2fDelcourt C, Huang Y, Arima H, et al; INTERACT1 Investigators. Hematoma growth and outcomes in intracerebral hemorrhage: the INTERACT1 study. Neurology. 2012 Jul 24;79(4):314-9. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318260cbbaDelcourt C, Huang Y, Arima H, et al; INTERACT1 Investigators. Hematoma growth and outcomes in intracerebral hemorrhage: the INTERACT1 study. Neurology. 2012 Jul 24;79(4):314-9. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318260cbbaWitt DM, Delate T, Hylek EM, et al. Effect of warfarin on intracranial hemorrhage incidence and fatal outcomes. Thromb Res. 2013;132(6):770-5. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2013.10.024Witt DM, Delate T, Hylek EM, et al. Effect of warfarin on intracranial hemorrhage incidence and fatal outcomes. Thromb Res. 2013;132(6):770-5. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2013.10.024Hughes M, Lip GY; Guideline Development Group for the NICE national clinical guideline for management of atrial fibrillation in primary and secondary care. Risk factors for anticoagulation-related bleeding complications in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. QJM. 2007 Oct;100(10):599-607. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcm076Hughes M, Lip GY; Guideline Development Group for the NICE national clinical guideline for management of atrial fibrillation in primary and secondary care. Risk factors for anticoagulation-related bleeding complications in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. QJM. 2007 Oct;100(10):599-607. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcm076Smith EE, Rosand J, Knudsen KA, et al. Leukoaraiosis is associated with warfarin-related hemorrhage following ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2002 Jul 23;59(2):193-7. doi:10.1212/wnl.59.2.193Smith EE, Rosand J, Knudsen KA, et al. Leukoaraiosis is associated with warfarin-related hemorrhage following ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2002 Jul 23;59(2):193-7. doi:10.1212/wnl.59.2.193Nilsson OG, Lindgren A, Brandt L, Säveland H. Prediction of death in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a prospective study of a defined population. J Neurosurg. 2002 Sep;97(3):531-6. doi:10.3171/jns.2002.97.3.0531Nilsson OG, Lindgren A, Brandt L, Säveland H. Prediction of death in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a prospective study of a defined population. J Neurosurg. 2002 Sep;97(3):531-6. doi:10.3171/jns.2002.97.3.0531Siddiqui FM, Bekker SV, Qureshi AI. Neuroimaging of hemorrhage and vascular defects. Neurotherapeutics. 2011 Jan;8(1):28-38. doi:10.1007/s13311-010-0009-xSiddiqui FM, Bekker SV, Qureshi AI. Neuroimaging of hemorrhage and vascular defects. Neurotherapeutics. 2011 Jan;8(1):28-38. doi:10.1007/s13311-010-0009-xZubkov AY, Mandrekar JN, Claassen DO, et al. Predictors of outcome in warfarin-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Neurol. 2008 Oct;65(10):1320-5. doi:10.1001/archneur.65.10.1320Zubkov AY, Mandrekar JN, Claassen DO, et al. Predictors of outcome in warfarin-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Neurol. 2008 Oct;65(10):1320-5. doi:10.1001/archneur.65.10.1320Сычев ДА, Остроумова ОД, Остроумова ТМ и др. Факторы риска лекарственно-индуцированных заболеваний. В кн.: Де ВА, Загородникова КА, Иващенко ДВ и др. Лекарственнo-индуцированные заболевания. Москва: Прометей; 2022. С. 31-450.Sychev DA, Ostroumova OD, Ostroumova TM, et al. Risk factors for drug-induced diseases. In: De VA, Zagorodnikova KA, Ivashchenko DV, et al. Lekarstvenno-inducirovannye zabolevaniya [Drug-induced diseases]. Moscow: Prometheus; 2022. P. 31-450 (In Russ.).Chai-Adisaksopha C, Crowther M, Isayama T, Lim W. The impact of bleeding complications in patients receiving target-specific oral anticoagulants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood. 2014 Oct 9;124(15):2450-8. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-07-590323Chai-Adisaksopha C, Crowther M, Isayama T, Lim W. The impact of bleeding complications in patients receiving target-specific oral anticoagulants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood. 2014 Oct 9;124(15):2450-8. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-07-590323Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2014 Mar 15;383(9921):955-62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62343-0Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2014 Mar 15;383(9921):955-62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62343-0Steffel J, Collins R, Antz M, et al; External reviewers. 2021 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the Use of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Europace. 2021 Oct 9;23(10):1612-76. doi:10.1093/europace/euab065Steffel J, Collins R, Antz M, et al; External reviewers. 2021 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the Use of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Europace. 2021 Oct 9;23(10):1612-76. doi:10.1093/europace/euab065Tsai CT, Liao JN, Chiang CE, et al. Association of Ischemic Stroke, Major Bleeding, and Other Adverse Events With Warfarin Use vs Non-vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant Use in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation With a History of Intracranial Hemorrhage. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jun 1;3(6):e206424. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6424Tsai CT, Liao JN, Chiang CE, et al. Association of Ischemic Stroke, Major Bleeding, and Other Adverse Events With Warfarin Use vs Non-vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant Use in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation With a History of Intracranial Hemorrhage. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jun 1;3(6):e206424. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6424Klijn CJ, Paciaroni M, Berge E, et al. Antithrombotic treatment for secondary prevention of stroke and other thromboembolic events in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack and non-valvular atrial fibrillation: A European Stroke Organisation guideline. Eur Stroke J. 2019 Sep;4(3):198-223. doi:10.1177/2396987319841187Klijn CJ, Paciaroni M, Berge E, et al. Antithrombotic treatment for secondary prevention of stroke and other thromboembolic events in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack and non-valvular atrial fibrillation: A European Stroke Organisation guideline. Eur Stroke J. 2019 Sep;4(3):198-223. doi:10.1177/2396987319841187Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021 Feb 1;42(5):373-498. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021 Feb 1;42(5):373-498. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612Аракелян МГ, Бокерия ЛА, Васильева ЕЮ и др. Фибрилляция и трепетание предсердий. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2021;26(7):4594. doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4594Arakelyan MG, Bockeria LA, Vasilieva EYu, et al. Clinical guidelines for Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Rossiyskiy kardiologicheskiy zhurnal = Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(7):4594. doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4594 (In Russ.).Остроумова ОД, Остроумова ТМ. Антикоагулянтная терапия в рамках вторичной профилактики инсульта у пациентов с фибрилляцией предсердий. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2022;14(3):94-100. doi:10.14412/2074-2711-2022-3-94-100Ostroumova OD, Ostroumova TM. Anticoagulant therapy as a part of secondary stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. Nevrologiya, neiropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2022;14(3):94-100. doi:10.14412/2074-2711-2022-3-94-100 (In Russ.).The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1997 May 31;349(9065):1569-81.The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1997 May 31;349(9065):1569-81.Mantia C, Uhlmann EJ, Puligandla M, et al. Predicting the higher rate of intracranial hemorrhage in glioma patients receiving therapeutic enoxaparin. Blood. 2017 Jun 22;129(25):3379-85. doi:10.1182/blood-2017-02-767285Mantia C, Uhlmann EJ, Puligandla M, et al. Predicting the higher rate of intracranial hemorrhage in glioma patients receiving therapeutic enoxaparin. Blood. 2017 Jun 22;129(25):3379-85. doi:10.1182/blood-2017-02-767285Levine MN, Raskob G, Beyth RJ, et al. Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004 Sep;126(3 Suppl):287S-310S. doi:10.1378/chest.126.3_suppl.287SLevine MN, Raskob G, Beyth RJ, et al. Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004 Sep;126(3 Suppl):287S-310S. doi:10.1378/chest.126.3_suppl.287SHemphill JC 3rd, Greenberg SM, Anderson CS, et al; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology. Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015 Jul;46(7):2032-60. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000069Hemphill JC 3rd, Greenberg SM, Anderson CS, et al; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology. Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015 Jul;46(7):2032-60. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000069Aspirin effects on mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report 14. ETDRS Investigators. JAMA. 1992 Sep 9;268(10):1292-300. doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03490100090033Aspirin effects on mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report 14. ETDRS Investigators. JAMA. 1992 Sep 9;268(10):1292-300. doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03490100090033Gorelick PB, Weisman SM. Risk of hemorrhagic stroke with aspirin use: an update. Stroke. 2005 Aug;36(8):1801-7. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000174189.81153.85Gorelick PB, Weisman SM. Risk of hemorrhagic stroke with aspirin use: an update. Stroke. 2005 Aug;36(8):1801-7. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000174189.81153.85Mazya M, Egido JA, Ford GA, et al; SITS Investigators. Predicting the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in ischemic stroke treated with intravenous alteplase: safe Implementation of Treatments in Stroke (SITS) symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage risk score. Stroke. 2012 Jun;43(6):1524-31. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.644815Mazya M, Egido JA, Ford GA, et al; SITS Investigators. Predicting the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in ischemic stroke treated with intravenous alteplase: safe Implementation of Treatments in Stroke (SITS) symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage risk score. Stroke. 2012 Jun;43(6):1524-31. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.644815Naidech AM, Bendok BR, Garg RK, et al. Reduced platelet activity is associated with more intraventricular hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2009 Oct;65(4):684-8; discussion 688. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000351769.39990Naidech AM, Bendok BR, Garg RK, et al. Reduced platelet activity is associated with more intraventricular hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2009 Oct;65(4):684-8; discussion 688. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000351769.39990Campbell PG, Yadla S, Sen AN, et al. Emergency reversal of clopidogrel in the setting of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. World Neurosurg. 2011 Jul-Aug;76(1-2):100-4; discussion 59-60. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2011.02.010Campbell PG, Yadla S, Sen AN, et al. Emergency reversal of clopidogrel in the setting of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. World Neurosurg. 2011 Jul-Aug;76(1-2):100-4; discussion 59-60. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2011.02.010Garcia-Rodriguez LA, Gaist D, Morton J, et al. Antithrombotic drugs and risk of hemorrhagic stroke in the general population. Neurology. 2013 Aug 6;81(6):566-74. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31829e6ffaGarcia-Rodriguez LA, Gaist D, Morton J, et al. Antithrombotic drugs and risk of hemorrhagic stroke in the general population. Neurology. 2013 Aug 6;81(6):566-74. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31829e6ffaМинистерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Рубрикатор клинических рекомендаций. Ишемический инсульт и транзиторная ишемическая атака у взрослых. ID: 171. Доступно по ссылке: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/171_2 (дата обращения 09.07.2022).Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Rubricator of clinical recommendations. Ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack in adults. ID: 171. Available from: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/171_2 (accessed 09.07.2022) (In Russ.).Gulati S, Solheim O, Carlsen SM, et al. Risk of intracranial hemorrhage (RICH) in users of oral antithrombotic drugs: Nationwide pharmacoepidemiological study. PLoS One. 2018 Aug 23;13(8):e0202575. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202575Gulati S, Solheim O, Carlsen SM, et al. Risk of intracranial hemorrhage (RICH) in users of oral antithrombotic drugs: Nationwide pharmacoepidemiological study. PLoS One. 2018 Aug 23;13(8):e0202575. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202575Двойная антитромбоцитарная терапия при ишемической болезни сердца: обновленная версия 2017 года. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2018;(8):113-63. doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2018-8-113-163Dual antitrombotic therapy for coronary heart disease: 2017 update. Rossiyskiy kardiologicheskiy zhurnal = Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2018;(8):113-63. doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2018-8-113-163 (In Russ).Beshay JE, Morgan H, Madden C, et al. Emergency reversal of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapies in neurosurgical patients. J Neurosurg. 2010 Feb;112(2):307-18. doi:10.3171/2009.7.JNS0982Beshay JE, Morgan H, Madden C, et al. Emergency reversal of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapies in neurosurgical patients. J Neurosurg. 2010 Feb;112(2):307-18. doi:10.3171/2009.7.JNS0982Baharoglu MI, Cordonnier C, Al-Shahi Salman R, et al; PATCH Investigators. Platelet transfusion versus standard care after acute stroke due to spontaneous cerebral haemorrhage associated with antiplatelet therapy (PATCH): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016 Jun 25;387(10038):2605-13. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30392-0Baharoglu MI, Cordonnier C, Al-Shahi Salman R, et al; PATCH Investigators. Platelet transfusion versus standard care after acute stroke due to spontaneous cerebral haemorrhage associated with antiplatelet therapy (PATCH): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016 Jun 25;387(10038):2605-13. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30392-0Halvorsen S, Storey RF, Rocca B, et al; ESC Working Group on Thrombosis. Management of antithrombotic therapy after bleeding in patients with coronary artery disease and/or atrial fibrillation: expert consensus paper of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis. Eur Heart J. 2017 May 14;38(19):1455-62. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw454Halvorsen S, Storey RF, Rocca B, et al; ESC Working Group on Thrombosis. Management of antithrombotic therapy after bleeding in patients with coronary artery disease and/or atrial fibrillation: expert consensus paper of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis. Eur Heart J. 2017 May 14;38(19):1455-62. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw454rlsnet.ru/drugs [интернет]. РЛС. Регистр лекарственных средств России. Доступно по ссылке: https://www.rlsnet.ru/ (дата обращения 13.07.2022).rlsnet.ru/drugs [internet]. RLS. Register of medicines of Russia. Available from: https://www.rlsnet.ru/ (accessed 07.13.2022) (In Russ.).Российское кардиологическое общество (РКО). Острый инфаркт миокарда с подъемом сегмента ST электрокардиограммы. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020;25(11):4103. doi:10.15829/29/1560-4071-2020-4103Russian Society of Cardiology. 2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Rossiyskiy kardiologicheskiy zhurnal = Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(11):4103. doi:10.15829/29/1560-4071-2020-4103 (In Russ.).Российское кардиологическое общество (РКО). Стабильная ишемическая болезнь сердца. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020;25(11):4076. doi:10.15829/29/1560-4071-2020-4076Russian Society of Cardiology (RSC). 2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Stable coronary artery disease. Rossiyskiy kardiologicheskiy zhurnal = Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(11):4076. doi:10.15829/29/1560-4071-2020-4076 (In Russ.).Барбараш ОЛ, Дупляков ДВ, Затейщиков ДА и др. Острый коронарный синдром без подъема сегмента ST электрокардиограммы. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2021;26(4):4449. doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4449Barbarash OL, Duplyakov DV, Zateischikov DA, et al. 2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation. Rossiyskiy kardiologicheskiy zhurnal = Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(4):4449. doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4449 (In Russ.).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.