nnpNeurology, Neuropsychiatry, PsychosomaticsНеврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика2074-27112310-1342"IMA-Press", LLC10.14412/2074-2711-2022-2-110-116nnp-1794Research ArticleCLINICAL OBSERVATIONSКЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯEarly-onset Alzheimer's diseaseБолезнь Альцгеймера с ранним началомhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9467-6244ЛокшинаА. Б.LokshinaA. B.

Анастасия Борисовна Локшина

Россия, 119991, Москва, ул. Россолимо, 11, стр. 1

Anastasia Borisovna Lokshina

11, Rossolimo St., Build. 1, Moscow 119021, Russia

aloksh@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2424-3245ГришинаД. А.GrishinaD. A.

Россия, 119991, Москва, ул. Россолимо, 11, стр. 1

11, Rossolimo St., Build. 1, Moscow 119021, Russia 

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5576-1649ОбуховаА. В.ObukhovaA. V.

Россия, 119991, Москва, ул. Россолимо, 11, стр. 1

11, Rossolimo St., Build. 1, Moscow 119021, Russia 

ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of RussiaRussian Federation202218042022142110116Copyright © Lokshina A.B., Grishina D.A., Obukhova A.V., 20222022Локшина А.Б., Гришина Д.А., Обухова А.В.Lokshina A.B., Grishina D.A., Obukhova A.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1794

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of cognitive impairment in adults. There are two main forms of AD: early-onset (onset before 65 years) and late-onset (onset after 65 years). Early-onset AD accounts for at least 5% of all disease cases. The risk of early-onset AD increases in the presence of a family burden and a history of traumatic brain injury. However, it is less associated with cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and obesity compared to late-onset AD. The article provides a review of current publications on the diagnostic and treatment problems in early forms of AD. Clinical, neuropsychological and neuroimaging differences between AD with early and late onset are presented.

On the example of a clinical observation of a patient with AD with an onset at the age of 38 years, stabilization of the cognitive defect for 6 months and a decrease in the severity of emotional and behavioral disorders after Akatinol Memantine administration are shown. The main problems of management of young patients with AD are considered.

Болезнь Альцгеймера (БА) – наиболее распространенная причина когнитивных нарушений у взрослых. Выделяют две основные формы БА: с ранним началом (дебют в возрасте моложе 65 лет) и с поздним началом (дебют после 65 лет). На долю БА с ранним началом приходится не менее 5% всех случаев заболевания. Риск развития БА с ранним началом увеличивается при наличии семейной отягощенности и черепно-мозговых травм в анамнезе. Однако он меньше связан с цереброваскулярными заболеваниями, сахарным диабетом и ожирением по сравнению с БА с поздним началом. Нами проведен обзор современных публикаций по проблеме диагностики и лечения ранних форм БА. Приведены клинические, нейропсихологические и нейровизуализационные различия между вариантами БА с ранним и поздним началом. На примере клинического наблюдения пациента с БА с дебютом в возрасте 38 лет показаны стабилизация когнитивного дефекта в течение 6 мес и уменьшение выраженности эмоциональных и поведенческих расстройств на фоне приема препарата акатинол мемантин. Рассмотрены основные проблемы ведения молодых пациентов с БА.

болезнь Альцгеймераболезнь Альцгеймера с ранним началомдеменциякогнитивные нарушениямемантинAlzheimer's diseaseearly-onset Alzheimer's diseasedementiacognitive impairmentmemantine.Статья спонсируется компанией «Мерц»This article has been supported by MerzReferencesLivingston G, Sommerlad A, Orgeta V, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet. 2017;390(10113):2673-734. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31363-6Livingston G, Sommerlad A, Orgeta V, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet. 2017;390(10113):2673-734. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31363-6Парфенов ВА, Захаров ВВ, Преображенская ИС. Когнитивные расстройства. Москва: Ремедиум; 2014. 192 с.Parfenov VA, Zaharov VV, Preobrazenskaya IS. Kognitivnyye rasstroystva [Cognitive impairment]. Moscow: Remedium; 2014. 192 p. (In Russ.).Яхно НН, Захаров ВВ, Локшина АБ и др. Деменции. Руководство для врачей. 3-е изд. Москва: Медпресс-информ; 2011. С. 17-28. Доступно по ссылке: https://www.03book.ru/upload/iblock/987/415_Demencija_Jahno.pdf (дата обращения 09.03.2022).Yakhno NN, Zakharov VV, Lokshina AB, et al. Dementsii. Rukovodstvo dlya vrachey [Dementia. Guidance for doctors]. 3rd ed. Moscow: MEDpressinform; 2011. P. 17-28. Available from: https://www.03book.ru/upload/iblock/987/415_Demencija_Jahno.pdf (accessed 09.03.2022) (In Russ.)Парфенов ВА. Болезнь Альцгеймера: ошибки ведения пациентов. Медицинский совет. 2020;(19):23-8. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2020-19-23-28Parfenov VA. Alzheimer's disease: clinical management errors. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2020;(19):23-8. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2020-19-23-28 (In Russ.).Локшина АБ, Гришина ДА. Терапия некогнитивных нервно-психических расстройств при болезни Альцгеймера. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2021;13(6):132-8. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2021-6-132-138Lokshina AB, Grishina DA. Treatment of noncognitive neuropsychiatric disorders in Alzheimer's disease. Nevrologiya, neiropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2021;13(6):132-8. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2021-6-132-138 (In Russ.)Renvoize E, Hanson M, Dale M. Prevalence and causes of young onset dementia in an English health district. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011 Jan;26(1):106-7. doi: 10.1002/gps.2456Renvoize E, Hanson M, Dale M. Prevalence and causes of young onset dementia in an English health district. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011 Jan;26(1):106-7. doi: 10.1002/gps.2456Lambert MA, Bickel H, Prince M, et al. Estimating the burden of early onset dementia; systematic review of disease prevalence. Eur J Neurol. 2014 Apr;21(4):563-9. doi: 10.1111/ene.12325. Epub 2014 Jan 13.Lambert MA, Bickel H, Prince M, et al. Estimating the burden of early onset dementia; systematic review of disease prevalence. Eur J Neurol. 2014 Apr;21(4):563-9. doi: 10.1111/ene.12325. Epub 2014 Jan 13.Van Vliet D, de Vugt ME, Bakker C, et al. Time to diagnosis in young-onset dementia as compared with late-onset dementia. Psychol Med. 2013 Feb;43(2):423-32. doi: 10.1017/S0033291712001122. Epub 2012May 28.Van Vliet D, de Vugt ME, Bakker C, et al. Time to diagnosis in young-onset dementia as compared with late-onset dementia. Psychol Med. 2013 Feb;43(2):423-32. doi: 10.1017/S0033291712001122. Epub 2012May 28.Chang KJ, Hong CH, Lee KS, et al. Mortality Risk after Diagnosis of Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease versus Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;56(4):1341-8. doi: 10.3233/JAD-161181Chang KJ, Hong CH, Lee KS, et al. Mortality Risk after Diagnosis of Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease versus Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;56(4):1341-8. doi: 10.3233/JAD-161181Moschetti K, Barragan N, Basurto-Davila R, et al. Mortality and Productivity Losses From Alzheimer Disease Among US Adults Aged 40 to 64 Years, 1999 to 2010. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2015 Apr-Jun;29(2):165-8. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0000000000000017Moschetti K, Barragan N, Basurto-Davila R, et al. Mortality and Productivity Losses From Alzheimer Disease Among US Adults Aged 40 to 64 Years, 1999 to 2010. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2015 Apr-Jun;29(2):165-8. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0000000000000017Ватолина МА. Проблемы оценки смертности от болезни Альцгеймера в России. Здравоохранение Российской Федерации. 2015;59(4):20-4.Vatolina MA. The problems of evaluation of mortality of Alzheimer’s disease in Russia. Zdravookhraneniye Rossiyskoy Federatsii. 2015;59(4):20-4 (In Russ.)Clemerson G, Walsh S, Isaac C. Towards living well with young onset dementia: An exploration of coping from the perspective of those diagnosed. Dementia (London). 2014 Jul;13(4):451-66. doi: 10.1177/1471301212474149. Epub 2013 Feb 21.Clemerson G, Walsh S, Isaac C. Towards living well with young onset dementia: An exploration of coping from the perspective of those diagnosed. Dementia (London). 2014 Jul;13(4):451-66. doi: 10.1177/1471301212474149. Epub 2013 Feb 21.Mendez MF. Early-onset Alzheimer disease. Neurol Clin. 2017 May;35(2):263-81. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2017.01.005Mendez MF. Early-onset Alzheimer disease. Neurol Clin. 2017 May;35(2):263-81. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2017.01.005Ayodele T, Rogaeva E, Kurup JT, et al. Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease: What Is Missing in Research? Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2021 Jan 19;21(2):4. doi: 10.1007/s11910-020-01090-yAyodele T, Rogaeva E, Kurup JT, et al. Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease: What Is Missing in Research? Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2021 Jan 19;21(2):4. doi: 10.1007/s11910-020-01090-yKarch CM, Goate AM. Alzheimer's disease risk genes and mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Jan 1;77(1):43-51. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.05.006. Epub 2014 May 17.Karch CM, Goate AM. Alzheimer's disease risk genes and mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Jan 1;77(1):43-51. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.05.006. Epub 2014 May 17.Jarmolowicz AI, Chen HY, Panegyres PK. The patterns of inheritance in early-onset dementia: Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2015 May;30(3):299-306. doi: 10.1177/1533317514545825. Epub 2014 Aug 21.Jarmolowicz AI, Chen HY, Panegyres PK. The patterns of inheritance in early-onset dementia: Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2015 May;30(3):299-306. doi: 10.1177/1533317514545825. Epub 2014 Aug 21.Nicolas G, Charbonnier C, Wallon D, et al. SORL1 rare variants: a major risk factor for familial early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry. 2016 Jun;21(6):831-6. doi: 10.1038/mp.2015.121. Epub 2015 Aug 25.Nicolas G, Charbonnier C, Wallon D, et al. SORL1 rare variants: a major risk factor for familial early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry. 2016 Jun;21(6):831-6. doi: 10.1038/mp.2015.121. Epub 2015 Aug 25.Verheijen J, van den Bossche T, van der Zee J, et al. A comprehensive study of the genetic impact of rare variants in SORL1 in European early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2016 Aug;132(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s00401-016-1566-9. Epub 2016 Mar 30.Verheijen J, van den Bossche T, van der Zee J, et al. A comprehensive study of the genetic impact of rare variants in SORL1 in European early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2016 Aug;132(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s00401-016-1566-9. Epub 2016 Mar 30.Holstege H, van der Lee SJ, Hulsman M, et al. Characterization of pathogenic SORL1 genetic variants for association with Alzheimer's disease: a clinical interpretation strategy. Eur J Hum Genet. 2017 Aug;25(8):973-81. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.87. Epub 2017 May 24.Holstege H, van der Lee SJ, Hulsman M, et al. Characterization of pathogenic SORL1 genetic variants for association with Alzheimer's disease: a clinical interpretation strategy. Eur J Hum Genet. 2017 Aug;25(8):973-81. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.87. Epub 2017 May 24.Chen Y, Sillaire AR, Dallongeville J, et al. Low prevalence and clinical effect of vascular risk factors in early-onset Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;60(3):1045-54. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170367Chen Y, Sillaire AR, Dallongeville J, et al. Low prevalence and clinical effect of vascular risk factors in early-onset Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;60(3):1045-54. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170367Kadohara K, Sato I, Kawakami K. Diabetes mellitus and risk of early-onset Alzheimer's disease: a population-based case-control study. Eur J Neurol. 2017 Jul;24(7):944-9. doi: 10.1111/ene.13312. Epub 2017 May 15.Kadohara K, Sato I, Kawakami K. Diabetes mellitus and risk of early-onset Alzheimer's disease: a population-based case-control study. Eur J Neurol. 2017 Jul;24(7):944-9. doi: 10.1111/ene.13312. Epub 2017 May 15.Mendez MF, Paholpak P, Lin A, et al. Prevalence of traumatic brain injury in early versus lateonset Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;47(4):985-93. doi: 10.3233/JAD-143207Mendez MF, Paholpak P, Lin A, et al. Prevalence of traumatic brain injury in early versus lateonset Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;47(4):985-93. doi: 10.3233/JAD-143207Stanley K, Walker Z. Do patients with young onset Alzheimer's disease deteriorate faster than those with late onset Alzheimer's disease? A review of the literature. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014 Dec;26(12):1945-53. doi: 10.1017/S1041610214001173. Epub 2014 Jul 3.Stanley K, Walker Z. Do patients with young onset Alzheimer's disease deteriorate faster than those with late onset Alzheimer's disease? A review of the literature. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014 Dec;26(12):1945-53. doi: 10.1017/S1041610214001173. Epub 2014 Jul 3.Gronning H, Rahmani A, Gyllenborg J, et al. Does Alzheimer's disease with early onset progress faster than with late onset? A casecontrol study of clinical progression and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2012;33(2-3):111-7. doi: 10.1159/000337386. Epub 2012 Apr 12.Gronning H, Rahmani A, Gyllenborg J, et al. Does Alzheimer's disease with early onset progress faster than with late onset? A casecontrol study of clinical progression and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2012;33(2-3):111-7. doi: 10.1159/000337386. Epub 2012 Apr 12.Koedam EL, Lauffer V, van der Vlies AE, et al. Early-versus late-onset Alzheimer's disease: more than age alone. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;19(4):1401-8. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1337Koedam EL, Lauffer V, van der Vlies AE, et al. Early-versus late-onset Alzheimer's disease: more than age alone. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;19(4):1401-8. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1337Lee SE, Rabinovici GD, Mayo MC, et al. Clinicopathological correlations in corticobasal degeneration. Ann Neurol. 2011;70(2):327-40. doi: 10.1002/ana.22424Lee SE, Rabinovici GD, Mayo MC, et al. Clinicopathological correlations in corticobasal degeneration. Ann Neurol. 2011;70(2):327-40. doi: 10.1002/ana.22424Palasi A, Gutierrez-Iglesias B, Alegret M, et al. Differentiated clinical presentation of early and late-onset Alzheimer's disease: is 65 years of age providing a reliable threshold? J Neurol. 2015;262(5):1238-46. doi: 10.1007/s00415-015-7698-3Palasi A, Gutierrez-Iglesias B, Alegret M, et al. Differentiated clinical presentation of early and late-onset Alzheimer's disease: is 65 years of age providing a reliable threshold? J Neurol. 2015;262(5):1238-46. doi: 10.1007/s00415-015-7698-3Joubert S, Gour N, Guedj E, et al. Earlyonset and late-onset Alzheimer's disease are associated with distinct patterns of memory impairment. Cortex. 2016;74:217-32. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.10.014Joubert S, Gour N, Guedj E, et al. Earlyonset and late-onset Alzheimer's disease are associated with distinct patterns of memory impairment. Cortex. 2016;74:217-32. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.10.014Kaiser NC, Melrose RJ, Liu C, et al. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging markers in early versus late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2012;27(7):520-9. doi: 10.1177/1533317512459798Kaiser NC, Melrose RJ, Liu C, et al. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging markers in early versus late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2012;27(7):520-9. doi: 10.1177/1533317512459798Migliaccio R, Agosta F, Possin KL, et al. Mapping the progression of atrophy in early- and late onset Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;46(2):351-64. doi: 10.3233/JAD-142292Migliaccio R, Agosta F, Possin KL, et al. Mapping the progression of atrophy in early- and late onset Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;46(2):351-64. doi: 10.3233/JAD-142292Cho H, Jeon S, Kang SJ, et al. Longitudinal changes of cortical thickness in early- versus late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2013;34(7):1921.e9-1921.e15. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.01.004Cho H, Jeon S, Kang SJ, et al. Longitudinal changes of cortical thickness in early- versus late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2013;34(7):1921.e9-1921.e15. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.01.004Mendez MF. Early-onset Alzheimer Disease and Its Variants. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2019 Feb;25(1):34-51. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000687Mendez MF. Early-onset Alzheimer Disease and Its Variants. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2019 Feb;25(1):34-51. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000687Chiaravalloti A, Koch G, Toniolo S, et al. Comparison between early-onset and late-onset Alzheimer's disease patients with amnestic presentation: CSF and (18)F-FDG PET study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2016 Apr 5;6(1):108-19. doi: 10.1159/000441776Chiaravalloti A, Koch G, Toniolo S, et al. Comparison between early-onset and late-onset Alzheimer's disease patients with amnestic presentation: CSF and (18)F-FDG PET study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2016 Apr 5;6(1):108-19. doi: 10.1159/000441776Baillon S, Gasper A, Wilson-Morkeh F, et al. Prevalence and Severity of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Early- Versus Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2019 NovDec;34(7-8):433-8. doi: 10.1177/1533317519841191. Epub 2019 Apr 1.Baillon S, Gasper A, Wilson-Morkeh F, et al. Prevalence and Severity of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Early- Versus Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2019 NovDec;34(7-8):433-8. doi: 10.1177/1533317519841191. Epub 2019 Apr 1.Spalletta G, Luca V, Padovani A, et al. Early onset versus late onset in Alzheimer's disease: What is the reliable cut-off? Adv Alzheimers Dis. 2013;2:40-7. doi: 10.4236/aad.2013.21005Spalletta G, Luca V, Padovani A, et al. Early onset versus late onset in Alzheimer's disease: What is the reliable cut-off? Adv Alzheimers Dis. 2013;2:40-7. doi: 10.4236/aad.2013.21005Ferreira MDC, Abreu MJ, Machado C, et al. Neuropsychiatric Profile in Early Versus Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2018 Mar;33(2):93-9. doi: 10.1177/1533317517744061Ferreira MDC, Abreu MJ, Machado C, et al. Neuropsychiatric Profile in Early Versus Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2018 Mar;33(2):93-9. doi: 10.1177/1533317517744061Altomari N, Bruno F, Lagana V, et al. A Comparison of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) and BPSD Sub-Syndromes in Early-Onset and Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2022;85(2):691-9. doi: 10.3233/JAD-215061Altomari N, Bruno F, Lagana V, et al. A Comparison of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) and BPSD Sub-Syndromes in Early-Onset and Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2022;85(2):691-9. doi: 10.3233/JAD-215061Гришина ДА, Шпилюкова ЮА, Локшина АБ, Федотова ЕЮ. Диагностика и лечение лобно-височных дегенераций. Медицинский совет. 2020;(19):42-50. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2020-19-42-50Гришина ДА, Шпилюкова ЮА, Локшина АБ, Федотова ЕЮ. Диагностика и лечение лобно-височных дегенераций. Медицинский совет. 2020;(19):42-50. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2020-19-42-50 [Grishina DA, Shpilyukova YuA, Lokshina AB, Fedotova EYu. Diagnosis and treatment for frontotemporal degenerations. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2020;(19):42-50. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2020-19-42-50 (In Russ.)].Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D, et al. Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2011 Sep;134(Pt 9):2456-77. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr179. Epub 2011 Aug 2.Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D, et al. Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2011 Sep;134(Pt 9):2456-77. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr179. Epub 2011 Aug 2.Dementia. Comprehensive Principles and Practice. Oxford University Press; 2014. P. 377-83, 432-48. doi: 10.1093/med/9780199928453.001.0001Dementia. Comprehensive Principles and Practice. Oxford University Press; 2014. P. 377-83, 432-48. doi: 10.1093/med/9780199928453.001.0001Локшина АБ. Ведение пациентов с деменцией: холинергический дефицит и его коррекция. Медицинский совет. 2018;(12):30-5. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X2018-12-30-35Lokshina AB. Management of patients with demension: holinergic deficiency and its correction. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2018;(12):30-5. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2018-12-30-35 (In Russ.).McShane R, Westby MJ, Roberts E, et al. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 20;3(3):CD003154. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003154.pub6McShane R, Westby MJ, Roberts E, et al. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 20;3(3):CD003154. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003154.pub6Mendiola-Precoma J, Berumen LC, Padilla K, Garcia-Alcocer G. Therapies for Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:2589276. doi: 10.1155/2016/2589276. Epub 2016 Jul 28.Mendiola-Precoma J, Berumen LC, Padilla K, Garcia-Alcocer G. Therapies for Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:2589276. doi: 10.1155/2016/2589276. Epub 2016 Jul 28.Kishi T, Matsunaga S, Iwata N. The effects of memantine on behavioral disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a metaanalysis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017 Jul 20;13:1909-28. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S142839. eCollection 2017.Kishi T, Matsunaga S, Iwata N. The effects of memantine on behavioral disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a metaanalysis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017 Jul 20;13:1909-28. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S142839. eCollection 2017.Chalfont G, Milligan C, Simpson J. A mixed methods systematic review of multimodal non-pharmacological interventions to improve cognition for people with dementia. Dementia (London). 2020 May;19(4):1086-130. doi: 10.1177/1471301218795289. Epub 2018 Sep 7.Chalfont G, Milligan C, Simpson J. A mixed methods systematic review of multimodal non-pharmacological interventions to improve cognition for people with dementia. Dementia (London). 2020 May;19(4):1086-130. doi: 10.1177/1471301218795289. Epub 2018 Sep 7.Nwadiugwu M. Early-onset dementia: key issues using a relationship-centred care approach. Postgrad Med J. 2021 Sep;97(1151):598-604. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138517. Epub 2020 Sep 3.Nwadiugwu M. Early-onset dementia: key issues using a relationship-centred care approach. Postgrad Med J. 2021 Sep;97(1151):598-604. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138517. Epub 2020 Sep 3.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.