<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-2711-2021-6-98-104</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-1713</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Generic drugs: benefit/risk ratio</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Воспроизведенные препараты: соотношение польза/риск</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4165-1726</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ушкалова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ushkalova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Россия, 117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 6, Miklukho-Maklai St., Moscow 117198, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">eushk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-6867</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зырянов</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zyryanov</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Россия, 117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6 </p><p> Россия, 127015, Москва, ул. Писцовая, 10 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 6, Miklukho-Maklai St., Moscow 117198, Russia </p><p> 10, Pistsovaya St., Moscow 127015, Russia </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-1804</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гопиенко</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gopienko</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Россия, 117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 6, Miklukho-Maklai St., Moscow 117198, Russia </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»;&#13;
ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Городская клиническая больница № 24 Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)&#13;
City Clinical Hospital Twenty-Four, Moscow Healthcare Department</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>98</fpage><lpage>104</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ushkalova E.A., Zyryanov S.K., Gopienko I.A., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ушкалова Е.А., Зырянов С.К., Гопиенко И.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ushkalova E.A., Zyryanov S.K., Gopienko I.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1713">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1713</self-uri><abstract><p>The review discusses the interchangeability of medications, approaches to the registration of original and generic drugs, and types of their equivalence, as well as problems with generics in clinical practice. Results of pharmacoepidemiological studies, which have been widely carried out recently, speak of insufficient understanding of the impact of generics on remote outcomes of chronic diseases, including mortality. The longterm economic prospects of generic drug administration continue to remain unclear. Among the primary differences between generics and brandname drugs are the differences in active ingredient synthesis methods and the composition of adjuvants and additives. Comparative studies on the therapeutic equivalence of generics with their originals or between themselves are rarely conducted. They are often affected by methodological flaws, which cannot ensure their comparable efficacy and safety. In this regard, automatic replacement of drugs containing the same active ingredient should be avoided without the participation of the attending physician.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p> В обзоре обсуждаются взаимозаменяемость лекарственных средств (ЛС), подходы к регистрации оригинальных и воспроизведенных ЛС и виды их эквивалентности, а также проблемы с генериками в клинической практике. Результаты фармакоэпидемиологических  исследований, широко приводящихся в последние годы, говорят о  недостаточной изученности влияния воспроизведенных препаратов на  отдаленные исходы хронических заболеваний, включая смертность. По- прежнему остается неясной долгосрочная экономическая перспектива  применения воспроизведенных ЛС. К основным причинам разницы  оригинального и воспроизведенного препаратов относятся различия в  методах синтеза активных субстанций, а также в составе  вспомогательных веществ и примесей. Сравнительные исследования  терапевтической эквивалентности генериков с оригиналом и между  собой проводятся достаточно редко и часто страдают  методологическими недостатками, что не гарантирует сопоставимой  эффективности и безопасности таких ЛС. В связи с этим следует избегать автоматической замены ЛС, содержащих одно и то же действующее  вещество, без участия лечащего врача. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>генерики</kwd><kwd>биоэквивалентность</kwd><kwd>фармацевтическая эквивалентность</kwd><kwd>терапевтическая эквивалентность</kwd><kwd>взаимозаменяемость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>generics</kwd><kwd>bioequivalence</kwd><kwd>pharmaceutical equivalence</kwd><kwd>therapeutic equivalence</kwd><kwd>interchangeability</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Straka RJ, Keohane DJ, Liu LZ. Potential Clinical and Economic Impact of Switching Branded Medications to Generics. Am J Ther. 2017 May;24(3):e278-e289. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000282</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Straka RJ, Keohane DJ, Liu LZ. Potential Clinical and Economic Impact of Switching Branded Medications to Generics. Am J Ther. 2017 May;24(3):e278-e289. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000282</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atlas S. How to Reduce Prescription Drug Prices: First, Do No Harm. Mo Med. 2020 JanFeb;117(1):14-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atlas S. How to Reduce Prescription Drug Prices: First, Do No Harm. Mo Med. 2020 JanFeb;117(1):14-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leclerc J, Blais C, Rochette L, et al Public Health Outcomes May Differ After Switching from Brand-Name to Generic Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers. Drugs R D. 2020 Jun;20(2): 135-45. doi: 10.1007/s40268-020-00307-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leclerc J, Blais C, Rochette L, et al Public Health Outcomes May Differ After Switching from Brand-Name to Generic Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers. Drugs R D. 2020 Jun;20(2): 135-45. doi: 10.1007/s40268-020-00307-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mishuk AU, Fasina I, Qian J. Impact of U.S. federal and state generic drug policies on drug use, spending, and patient outcomes: A systematic review. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2020 Jun;16(6):736-45. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.08.031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mishuk AU, Fasina I, Qian J. Impact of U.S. federal and state generic drug policies on drug use, spending, and patient outcomes: A systematic review. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2020 Jun;16(6):736-45. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.08.031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чапленко АА, Власов ВВ, Гильдеева ГН. Инновационные лекарственные препараты на российском фармацевтическом рынке: ключевые игроки и основные направления разработок. Ремедиум. 2020;(10):4-9. doi: 10.21518/1561-5936-2020-10-4-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaplenko AA, Vlasov VV, Gil'deyeva GN. Innovative drugs in the Russian pharmaceutical market: key players and main areas of development. Remedium. 2020;(10):4-9. doi: 10.21518/1561-5936-2020-10-4-9 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Videau J-Y. Generic drugs: the hidden issues of quality and cost: general policy issues. WHO Drug Inform. 2000;14(2):77-81. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/58129</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Videau J-Y. Generic drugs: the hidden issues of quality and cost: general policy issues. WHO Drug Inform. 2000;14(2):77-81. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/58129</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Закон от 12.04.2010 №61-ФЗ «Об обращении лекарственных средств».</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Закон от 12.04.2010 №61-ФЗ «Об обращении лекарственных средств». [Federal law of the Russian Federation of April 12, 2010 No. 61-FZ «About drug circulation» (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO Technical Report Series, No. 937, 2006. Annex 7: Multisource (Generic) Pharmaceutical Products: Guidelines on Registration Requirements to Establish Interchangeability. Available from: https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/quality_assurance/MultisourcePharmaProductsGuidelinesRegistrationRequirementsInterchangeabilityTRS937Annex7.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO Technical Report Series, No. 937, 2006. Annex 7: Multisource (Generic) Pharmaceutical Products: Guidelines on Registration Requirements to Establish Interchangeability. Available from: https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/quality_assurance/MultisourcePharmaProductsGuidelinesRegistrationRequirementsInterchangeabilityTRS937Annex7.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization, 1996, WHO Expert Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations: thirty-fourth report. WHO Technical Report Series No. 863. Geneva, 1996. P. 114-54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization, 1996, WHO Expert Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations: thirty-fourth report. WHO Technical Report Series No. 863. Geneva, 1996. P. 114-54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chow SC, Song F, Chen M. Some thoughts on drug interchangeability. J Biopharm Stat. 2016;26(1):178-86. doi: 10.1080/10543406.2015.1092027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chow SC, Song F, Chen M. Some thoughts on drug interchangeability. J Biopharm Stat. 2016;26(1):178-86. doi: 10.1080/10543406.2015.1092027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carbon M, Correll CU. Rational use of generic psychotropic drugs. CNS Drugs. 2013 May;27(5):353-65. doi: 10.1007/s40263-013-0045-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carbon M, Correll CU. Rational use of generic psychotropic drugs. CNS Drugs. 2013 May;27(5):353-65. doi: 10.1007/s40263-013-0045-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Постановление Правительства РФ от 5 сентября 2020 г. № 1360 «О порядке определения взаимозаменяемости лекарственных препаратов для медицинского применения».</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 5, 2020 No. 1360 «About procedure for determining interchangeability of medicinal products for medical use» (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ниязов РР, Рождественский ДА, Васильев АН и др. Регуляторные аспекты регистрации воспроизведенных и гибридных лекарственных препаратов в Евразийском экономическом Союзе. Ремедиум. 2018;(7-8):6-19. doi: 10.21518/1561-5936-2018-7-8-6-19</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niyazov RR, Rozhdestvenskiy DA, Vasiliev AN, et al. Regulatory aspects of marketing authorization of generic and hybrid medicinal products in the Eurasian Economic Union. Remedium. 2018;(7-8):6-19. doi: 10.21518/1561-5936-2018-7-8-6-19 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зырянов СК, Фитилев СБ, Шкребнева ИИ, Возжаев АВ. Взаимозаменяемость препаратов – клиническая эффективность, безопасность. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2017;(S1):4-10. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2017-1S-4-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zyryanov SK, Fitilev SB, Shkrebneva II, Vozzhaev AV. Drug interchangeability: Clinical efficacy and safety. Nevrologiya, neiropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2017;(S1):4-10. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2017-1S-4-10 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мартинович АА, Эйдельштейн МВ, ман ЮП, Козлов РС. Азитромицин: сравнение качества инъекционных лекарственных форм оригинального препарата и его генериков. Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2011;13(4):335-45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinovich AA, Edelstein MV, Tzuman YuP, Kozlov RS. Comparative Quality of Parenteral Formulations of Azithromycin Original and Generic Products. Klinicheskaya mikrobiologiya i antimikrobnaya khimioterapiya = Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2011;13(4):335-45 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколов АВ, Кукес ВГ, Бунятян НД и др. Терапевтическая эквивалентность, биоэквивалентность и взаимозаменяемость лекарственных средств. Врач. 2015;(10):32-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolov AV, Kukes VG, Buniatian ND, et al. Therapeutic equivalence, bioequivalence and interchangeability of medicinal products. Vrach. 2015;(10):32-5 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andre M, Canon JL, Levecque P, et al. Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with L-tryptophan. A case report with pulmonary manifestations and review of the literature. Acta Clin Belg. 1991;46(3):178-82. doi: 10.1080/17843286.1991.11718161</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andre M, Canon JL, Levecque P, et al. Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with L-tryptophan. A case report with pulmonary manifestations and review of the literature. Acta Clin Belg. 1991;46(3):178-82. doi: 10.1080/17843286.1991.11718161</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Varga J, Uitto J, Jimenez SA. The cause and pathogenesis of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Jan 15;116(2):140-7. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-116-2-140</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Varga J, Uitto J, Jimenez SA. The cause and pathogenesis of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Jan 15;116(2):140-7. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-116-2-140</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Montpas N, Desormeaux A, Keire D, Adam A. Les reactions anaphylactoides associees a l'heparine d'origine chinoise [Anaphylactoid reactions associated with contaminated heparin from China]. Ann Pharm Fr. 2011 Sep;69(5):258-64. doi: 10.1016/j.pharma.2011.06.007 (In French)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Montpas N, Desormeaux A, Keire D, Adam A. Les reactions anaphylactoides associees a l'heparine d'origine chinoise [Anaphylactoid reactions associated with contaminated heparin from China]. Ann Pharm Fr. 2011 Sep;69(5):258-64. doi: 10.1016/j.pharma.2011.06.007 (In French)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">White CM. Understanding and Preventing (N-Nitrosodimethylamine) NDMA Contamination of Medications. Ann Pharmacother. 2020 Jun;54(6):611-4. doi: 10.1177/1060028019892222</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">White CM. Understanding and Preventing (N-Nitrosodimethylamine) NDMA Contamination of Medications. Ann Pharmacother. 2020 Jun;54(6):611-4. doi: 10.1177/1060028019892222</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ray A, Atal S, Sadasivam B. Understanding the molecular-pharmaceutical basis of sartan recalls focusing on valsartan. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract. 2020 Nov 30;2020(2):e202025. doi: 10.21542/gcsp.2020.25</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ray A, Atal S, Sadasivam B. Understanding the molecular-pharmaceutical basis of sartan recalls focusing on valsartan. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract. 2020 Nov 30;2020(2):e202025. doi: 10.21542/gcsp.2020.25</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Angeli DG, Trezza C. Quality and stability of ramipril generics/copies versus reference ramipril (Tritace): a 3-month stability comparative study. Clin Drug Investig. 2009;29(10):667-76. doi: 10.2165/11315270-000000000-00000</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Angeli DG, Trezza C. Quality and stability of ramipril generics/copies versus reference ramipril (Tritace): a 3-month stability comparative study. Clin Drug Investig. 2009;29(10):667-76. doi: 10.2165/11315270-000000000-00000</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Attorrese G, Massi-Benedetti M. Quality and behavior of glimepiride generics versus amaryl under stressed conditions. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2007 Jun;9(3):287-96. doi: 10.1089/dia.2006.0029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Attorrese G, Massi-Benedetti M. Quality and behavior of glimepiride generics versus amaryl under stressed conditions. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2007 Jun;9(3):287-96. doi: 10.1089/dia.2006.0029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gomez Y, Adams E, Hoogmartens J. Analysis of purity in 19 drug product tablets containing clopidogrel: 18 copies versus the original brand. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2004 Feb 4;34(2):341-8. doi: 10.1016/S0731-7085(03)00533-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gomez Y, Adams E, Hoogmartens J. Analysis of purity in 19 drug product tablets containing clopidogrel: 18 copies versus the original brand. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2004 Feb 4;34(2):341-8. doi: 10.1016/S0731-7085(03)00533-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orange Book: Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, 38th ed. U. S. Food and Drug Administration; 2018. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/UCM071436.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orange Book: Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, 38th ed. U. S. Food and Drug Administration; 2018. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/UCM071436.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alcocer L. Quality of low-cost drugs: the frailty of costs savings. J Hypertens. 2018 Feb;36(2):230- 3. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001579</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alcocer L. Quality of low-cost drugs: the frailty of costs savings. J Hypertens. 2018 Feb;36(2):230-3. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001579</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ромодановский ДП, Горячев ДВ, Соловьева АП, Еременко НН. Принципы статистической оценки исследований биоэквивалентности в рамках актуальных регуляторных требований и нормативно-правовых актов. Ведомости Научного центра экспертизы средств медицинского применения. 2018;8(2):92-8. doi: 10.30895/1991-2919-2018-8-2-92-98</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romodanovsky DP, Goryachev DV, Solovieva AP, Eremenko NN. Principles of statistical evaluation of bioequivalence studies in the context of current regulatory requirements and legal acts. Vedomosti Nauchnogo tsentra ekspertizy sredstv meditsinskogo primeneniya = The Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products. 2018;8(2):92-8. doi: 10.30895/1991-2919-2018-8-2-92-98 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Национальный стандарт РФ ГОСТ Р 57679-2017 «Лекарственные средства для медицинского применения. Исследования биоэквивалентности лекарственных препаратов».</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National standard of Russian Federation GOST R 57679-2017 «Medicines for Medical applications. Investigation bioequivalence of medications» (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ромодановский ДП. Актуальные вопросы планирования исследований биоэквивалентности препаратов с узким терапевтическим диапазоном. Ведомости Научного центра экспертизы средств медицинского применения. 2020;10(3):201-10. doi: 10.30895/1991-2919-2020-10-3-201-210</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romodanovsky DP. Relevant issues of planning bioequivalence studies of drugs with a narrow therapeutic range. Vedomosti Nauchnogo tsentra ekspertizy sredstv meditsinskogo primeneniya = The Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products. 2020;10(3):201-10. doi: 10.30895/1991-2919-2020-10-3-201-210 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ромодановский ДП, Еременкова ТВ, Драницына МА и др. Высоковариабельные лекарственные препараты – особенности исследования биоэквивалентности. Ведомости Научного центра экспертизы средств медицинского применения. 2015;(4):5-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romodanovsky DP, Eremenkova TV, Dranitsyna MA, et al. Highly variable medicines – specific aspects of bioequivalence studies. Vedomosti Nauchnogo tsentra ekspertizy sredstv meditsinskogo primeneniya = The Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products. 2015;(4):5-10 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kesselheim AS, Polinski JM, Fulchino LA, et al. Modified Regulatory Pathways to Approve Generic Drugs in the US and a Systematic Review of Their Outcomes. Drugs. 2015 Apr;75(6):633-50. doi: 10.1007/s40265-015-0382-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kesselheim AS, Polinski JM, Fulchino LA, et al. Modified Regulatory Pathways to Approve Generic Drugs in the US and a Systematic Review of Their Outcomes. Drugs. 2015 Apr;75(6):633-50. doi: 10.1007/s40265-015-0382-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Торшин ИЮ, Громова ОА, Сардарян ИС и др. Сравнительный хемореактомный анализ мексидола. Фармакокинетика и фармакодинамика. 2016;(4):19-30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torshin IYu, Gromova OA, Sardaryan IS, et al. Comparative chemoreactome analysis of mexidol. Farmakokinetika i farmakodinamika = Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. 2016;(4):19-30 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хубиева МЮ, Юргель НВ, Ушкалова ЕА и др. Проблемы качества и терапевтической эквивалентности дженериков. Здравоохранение. 2010;(11):15-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khubieva MYu, Yurgel NV, Ushkalova EA, et al. Problems of quality and therapeutic equivalence of generics. Zdravookhraneniye = Healthcare. 2010;(11):15-22 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holman A. Is Bioequivalence a Sufficient Measure of Equivalence? J Leg Med. 2019 JulSep;39(3):247-61. doi: 10.1080/01947648.2019.1653800</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holman A. Is Bioequivalence a Sufficient Measure of Equivalence? J Leg Med. 2019 JulSep;39(3):247-61. doi: 10.1080/01947648.2019.1653800</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Desmarais JE, Beauclair L, Margolese HC. Switching from brand-name to generic psychotropic medications: a literature review. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2011 Dec;17(6):750-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00210.x. Epub 2010 Nov 30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Desmarais JE, Beauclair L, Margolese HC. Switching from brand-name to generic psychotropic medications: a literature review. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2011 Dec;17(6):750-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00210.x. Epub 2010 Nov 30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Contin M, Alberghini L, Candela C, et al. Intrapatient variation in antiepileptic drug plasma concentration after generic substitution vs stable brand-name drug regimens. Epilepsy Res. 2016 May;122:79-83. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.02.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Contin M, Alberghini L, Candela C, et al. Intrapatient variation in antiepileptic drug plasma concentration after generic substitution vs stable brand-name drug regimens. Epilepsy Res. 2016 May;122:79-83. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.02.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ушкалова ЕА, Зырянов СК, Затолочина КЭ. Генерические замены противоэпилептических препаратов: можно ли поставить точку в дискуссии? Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2018;10(1S):75-80. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2018-1S-75-80</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ushkalova EA, Zyryanov SK, Zatolochina KE. Generic substitutions of antiepileptic drugs: Is it possible to put an end to the discussion? Nevrologiya, neiropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2018;10(1S):75-80. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2018-1S-75-80 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Резолюция заседания рабочей группы Российской противоэпилептической лиги. Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния. 2016;8(4):109-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Resolution of the meeting of the working group of the Russian Antiepileptic League. Epilepsiya i paroksizmal'nyye sostoyaniya = Epilepsy and Paroxysmal Conditions. 2016;8(4):109-11 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ромодановский ДП, Горячев ДВ, Хохлов АЛ, Мирошников АЕ. Bлияние половых различий на фармакокинетику лекарственных средств в рамках изучения биоэквивалентности воспроизведенных лекарственных препаратов. Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2018;3(5):94-105. doi: 10.29413/ABS.2018-3.5.15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romodanovsky DP, Goryachev DV, Khokhlov AL, Miroshnikov AE. Influence of sex differences on pharmacokinetics of drugs within the framework of bioequivalence studies of generic medicinal products. Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2018;3(5):94-105. doi: 10.29413/ABS.2018-3.5.15 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ромодановский ДП, Мирошников АЕ. Половые различия фармакокинетики лекарственных препаратов в исследованиях биоэквивалентности и их влияние на риск потребителей. Медицинская этика. 2018;7(2):35-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romodanovsky DP, Miroshnikov AE. Sex differences of pharmacokinetics of drugs within the framework of bioequivalence studies and their influence on consumers' risk. Meditsinskaya etika = Medical Ethics. 2018;7(2):35-9 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Unterecker S, Proft F, Riederer P, et al. The comparison of brand-name and generic formulations of venlafaxine: a therapeutic drug monitoring analysis. Ther Drug Monit. 2014 Apr;36(2):269-72. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Unterecker S, Proft F, Riederer P, et al. The comparison of brand-name and generic formulations of venlafaxine: a therapeutic drug monitoring analysis. Ther Drug Monit. 2014 Apr;36(2):269-72. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lima DM, dos Santos LD, Lima EM. Stability and in vitro release profile of enalapril maleate from different commercially available tablets: possible therapeutic implications. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2008 Aug 5;47(4-5):934-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.02.030. Epub 2008 Mar 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lima DM, dos Santos LD, Lima EM. Stability and in vitro release profile of enalapril maleate from different commercially available tablets: possible therapeutic implications. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2008 Aug 5;47(4-5):934-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.02.030. Epub 2008 Mar 4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sicras-Mainar A, Sanchez-Alvarez L, Navarro-Artieda R, Darba J. Treatment persistence and adherence and their consequences on patient outcomes of generic versus brandname statins routinely used to treat high cholesterol levels in Spain: a retrospective costconsequences analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2018 Dec 6;17(1):277. doi: 10.1186/s12944-018-0918-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sicras-Mainar A, Sanchez-Alvarez L, Navarro-Artieda R, Darba J. Treatment persistence and adherence and their consequences on patient outcomes of generic versus brandname statins routinely used to treat high cholesterol levels in Spain: a retrospective costconsequences analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2018 Dec 6;17(1):277. doi: 10.1186/s12944-018-0918-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mehdi MM, Solanki P, Singh P. Oxidative stress, antioxidants, hormesis and calorie restriction: The current perspective in the biology of aging. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2021 JulAug;95:104413. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104413</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mehdi MM, Solanki P, Singh P. Oxidative stress, antioxidants, hormesis and calorie restriction: The current perspective in the biology of aging. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2021 JulAug;95:104413. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104413</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neha K, Haider MR, Pathak A, Yar MS. Medicinal prospects of antioxidants: A review. Eur J Med Chem. 2019 Sep 15;178:687-704. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neha K, Haider MR, Pathak A, Yar MS. Medicinal prospects of antioxidants: A review. Eur J Med Chem. 2019 Sep 15;178:687-704. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Меньщикова ЕБ, Зенков НК, Ланкин ВЗ и др. Окислительный стресс: Патологические состояния и заболевания. Новосибирск: АРТА; 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Меn'shikova ЕB, Zenkov N., Lankin VZ, et al. Okislitel'nyy stress: Patologicheskiye sostoyaniya I zabolevaniya [Oxidative stress: Pathological conditions and diseases]. Novosibirsk: ARTA; 2008 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Скворцова ВИ, Стаховская ЛВ, Нарциссов ЯР и др. Рандомизированное двойное слепое плацебо-контролируемое исследование эффективности и безопасности лекарственного препарата Мексидол в комплексной терапии ишемического инсульта в остром периоде. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2006;106(18):47-54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skvortsova VI, Stakhovskaya LV, Nartsyssov YaR, et al. The randomized double-blind placebocontrolled study of efficacy and safety of mexidol in the complex therapy of ischemic stroke in the acute period. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova = S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2006;106(18):47-54 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стаховская ЛВ, Шамалов НА, Хасанова ДР и др. Результаты рандомизированного двойного слепого мультицентрового плацебо-контролируемого в параллельных группах исследования эффективности и безопасности мексидола при длительной последовательной терапии у пациентов в остром и раннем восстановительном периодах полушарного ишемического инсульта (ЭПИКА). Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2017;117:3(2):55-65. doi: 10.17116/jnevro20171173255-65</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stakhovskaya LV, Shamalov NA, Khasanova DR, et al. Results of a randomized double blind multicenter placebo-controlled, in parallel groups trial of the efficacy and safety of prolonged sequential therapy with mexidol in the acute and early recovery stages of hemispheric ischemic stroke (EPICA). Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova = S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2017;117(3):55-65. doi: 10.17116/jnevro20171173255-65 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стаховская ЛВ, Мхитарян ЭА, Ткачева ОН и др. Эффективность и безопасность Мексидола у пациентов разных возрастных групп в остром и раннем восстановительном периодах полушарного ишемического инсульта (результаты субанализа рандомизированного двойного слепого мультицентрового плацебо-контролируемого в параллельных группах исследования ЭПИКА). Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Спецвыпуски. 2020;120(8):49-57. doi: 10.17116/jnevro202012008249</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stakhovskaya LV, Mkhitaryan EA, Tkacheva ON, et al. Efficacy and safety of mexidol across age groups in the acute and early recovery stages of hemispheric ischemic stroke (results of additional sub-analysis of a randomized double blind multicenter placebo-controlled study, in parallel groups trial EPICA). Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova = S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2020;120(8-2):49-57. doi: 10.17116/jnevro202012008249 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щулькин АВ, Якушева ЕН, Черных ИВ. Сравнение фармакокинетических параметров препарата мексидол с препаратом этилметилгидроксипиридина сукцинат. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Спецвыпуски. 2014;114(11-2):40-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchul'kin AV, Iakusheva EN, Chernykh IV. A comparative study of mexidol and ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate pharmacokinetic parameters. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova = S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2014;114(11-2):40-3 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nasrollahi S, Meera NK, Boregowda S. Pharmaceutical Excipient Exposure in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Indian Pediatr. 2020 Sep 15;57(9):801-804.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasrollahi S, Meera NK, Boregowda S. Pharmaceutical Excipient Exposure in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Indian Pediatr. 2020 Sep 15;57(9):801-804.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
