<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-2711-2021-5-68-75</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-1668</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И МЕТОДИКИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Spasticity syndrome in cerebral pathology: evaluation and clinical models</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Синдром спастичности при церебральной патологии: диагностика и клинические модели</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коваленко</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalenko</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Павлович Коваленко</p><p>194044, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Лебедева, 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander Pavlovich Kovalenko</p><p>6, Academician Lebedev St., Saint Petersburg 194044</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kvlnko73@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вознюк</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voznyuk</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194044, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Лебедева, 6192242, Санкт-Петербург, Будапештская ул., 3, лит. А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6, Academician Lebedev St., Saint Petersburg 1940443, Budapestskaya St., lit. A, Saint Petersburg 192242</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мисиков</surname><given-names>В. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Misikov</surname><given-names>V. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>129110, Москва, ул. Щепкина, 61/2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>61/2, Shchepkin St., Build. 1, Moscow 129110</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Ministry of Defense of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова»; ГБУ «Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи им. И.И. Джанелидзе»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Ministry of Defense of Russia; I.I. Janelidze St. Petersburg Research Institute of Emergency Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ МО «Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>68</fpage><lpage>75</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Kovalenko A.P., Voznyuk I.A., Misikov V.K., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коваленко А.П., Вознюк И.А., Мисиков В.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kovalenko A.P., Voznyuk I.A., Misikov V.K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1668">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1668</self-uri><abstract><p>Knowing the frequency of spasticity patterns in different muscles allows correcting the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) administration schemes and creating spasticity models that could predict the drug consumption and treatment cost.</p><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to develop clinical spasticity models based on the frequencies of the spastic syndrome in the muscles of the extremities in post-stroke patients to optimize BoNT administration.</p></sec><sec><title>Patients and methods</title><p>Patients and methods. We examined 129 patients of both sexes aged 61.2±8.0 years with post-stroke spasticity (mean time after the stroke – 4.6±2.2). Twenty-seven muscles were tested for spasticity: shoulder girdle (n=3), upper (n=9) and lower (n=15) extremities. We used the original manual testing methods (MTM) of spasticity and the Tardieu scale (TS).</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. We observed the following frequencies of spasticity in the arm muscles: pectoralis major, brachioradialis, pronator teres, fl. carpi radialis, fl. digitorum profundus et superfacialis, fl. pollicis long. – over 70%, subscapularis – 61%, brachialis – 56.6%, biceps brachii – 35.8%. Frequencies of spasticity in the leg muscles were: semitendinosus, semimembranosus, fl. digitorum long. – 37.5%, gracilis – 21.4%, cap. med. gastrocnemius – 48%, tibialis post. – 39.2%, soleus – 19.6%, fl. halluces long. – 23%. There was no spasticity in the hip adductors; low spasticity incidence was seen in fl. digitorum brev. et fl. halluces brev. (&lt;10%), tibialis ant., rectus femoris (&lt;5%); biceps femoris, teres major, fl. carpi ulnaris, and cap. lat. gastrocnemius (&lt;2%). Based on the frequency of identified spastic patterns, we created four models of patients with arm spasticity and five models – with leg spasticity with the calculation of the necessary doses of BoNT.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. We propose several spasticity models, which allow calculating the treatment costs, considering the frequency of involvement of specific muscles in spasticity evaluation, and tracking the rehabilitation follow-up of the patient's transition from one clinical model to another.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Знание о том, как часто те или иные мышцы оказываются вовлечены в паттерны спастичности, не только позволяет корректировать схемы введения ботулинического нейротоксина (БоНТ), но и дает возможность создавать модели спастичности, позволяющие прогнозировать расход препарата и стоимость лечения.</p><p>Цель исследования – на основании оценки частоты развития спастического синдрома в мышцах конечностей у пациентов после инсульта разработать клинические модели синдрома спастичности для применения препаратов БоНТ.</p><sec><title>Пациенты и методы</title><p>Пациенты и методы. Обследованы 129 пациентов обоих полов в возрасте 61,2±8,0 года с постинсультной спастичностью (время, прошедшее с момента инсульта, – в среднем 4,6±2,2 года). На спастичность были проверены 27 мышц: плечевого пояса (n=3), верхней (n=9) и нижней (n=15) конечностей. Использовались оригинальные методики мануального тестирования (ММТ) спастичности, шкала Тардье (Tardieu scale, TS).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Получены следующие данные о частоте встречаемости спастичности в мышцах руки: pectoralis major, brachioradialis, pronator teres, fl. carpi radialis, fl. digitorum profundus et superfacialis, fl. pollicis long. – свыше 70%, subscapularis – 61%, brachialis – 56,6%, biceps brachii – 35,8%. Частота встречаемости спастичности в мышцах ноги: semitendinosus, semimembranosus, fl. digitorum long. – 37,5%, gracilis – 21,4%, cap. med. gastrocnemius – 48%, tibialis post. – 39,2%, soleus – 19,6%, fl. halluces long. – 23%. Не выявлено спастичности в аддукторах бедра; низкая частота встречаемости спастичности была характерна для fl. digitorum brev. и fl. halluces brev. (&lt;10%), tibialis ant., rectus femoris (&lt;5%); biceps femoris, teres major, fl. carpi ulnaris и cap. lat. gastrocnemius (&lt;2%). На основании выявленной частоты встречаемости спастичности созданы четыре модели пациентов со спастичностью в руке и пять моделей со спастичностью в ноге с расчетом необходимых доз препаратов БоНТ.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Предложены модели спастичности, которые позволяют рассчитывать затраты на лечение, учитывать при диагностике спастичности частоту вовлеченности определенных мышц, отслеживать реабилитационную динамику по переходу пациента из одной клинической модели в другую.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тестирование спастичности</kwd><kwd>частота спастичности</kwd><kwd>ботулинический нейротоксин</kwd><kwd>спастичность</kwd><kwd>модели (паттерны) спастичности</kwd><kwd>постинсультная реабилитация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>spasticity testing</kwd><kwd>spasticity frequency</kwd><kwd>botulinum neurotoxin</kwd><kwd>spasticity</kwd><kwd>models (patterns) of spasticity</kwd><kwd>post-stroke rehabilitation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья спонсируется компанией «Мерц».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This article has been supported by «Merz».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brashear A, editor; Elovic E, associate editor. Spasticity: diagnosis and management. 2 nd ed. Demos Medical Publishing; 2016. 139 p. ISBN 978-1-62070-072-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brashear A, editor; Elovic E, associate editor. Spasticity: diagnosis and management. 2 nd ed. Demos Medical Publishing; 2016. 139 p. ISBN 978-1-62070-072-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Искра ДА, Коваленко АП, Кошкарев МА, Дыскин ДЕ. Спастичность: от патофизиологии к лечению. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2018;118(10):108-14. doi: 10.17116/jnevro2018118101108</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iskra DA, Kovalenko AP, Koshkarev MA, Dyskin DE. Spasticity: from pathophysiology to treatment. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2018;118(10):108-14. doi: 10.17116/jnevro2018118101108 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wissel J, Ward AB, Erztgaard P, et al. European consensus table on the use of botulinum toxin type A in adult spasticity. J Rehabil Med. 2009 Jan;41(1):13-25. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0303</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wissel J, Ward AB, Erztgaard P, et al. European consensus table on the use of botulinum toxin type A in adult spasticity. J Rehabil Med. 2009 Jan;41(1):13-25. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0303</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коваленко АП, Мисиков ВК. Атлас ультразвуковой визуализации мышц для ботулинотерапии. Спастичность. Диагностика и лечение: Методическое руководство. Москва – Санкт-Петербург; 2020. 264 с. ISBN 978-5-9909968-0-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalenko AP, Misikov VK. Atlas ultrazvukovoy vizualizatsii myshts dlya botulinoterapii. Spastichnost'. Diagnostika i lecheniye: Metodicheskoye rukovodstvo [Atlas of ultrasound imaging of muscles for botulinum toxin therapy. Spasticity. Diagnosis and treatment: Methodological guidance]. Мoscow – St. Petersburg; 2020. 264 p. ISBN 978-5-9909968-0-9 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hefter H, Jost WH, Reissig A, et al. Classification of posture in poststroke upper limb spasticity: a potential decision tool for botulinum toxin A treatment. Int J Rehabil Res. 2012 Sep;35(3):227-33. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0b013e328353e3d4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hefter H, Jost WH, Reissig A, et al. Classification of posture in poststroke upper limb spasticity: a potential decision tool for botulinum toxin A treatment. Int J Rehabil Res. 2012 Sep;35(3):227-33. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0b013e328353e3d4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rousseaux M, Daveluy W, Kozlowski O, et al. Onabotulinuntoxin A for lower-limb spasticity: guidance from a delphi panel approach. PM R. 2017;S1934–1482(16):31113-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rousseaux M, Daveluy W, Kozlowski O, et al. Onabotulinuntoxin A for lower-limb spasticity: guidance from a delphi panel approach. PM R. 2017;S1934–1482(16):31113-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хатькова СЕ, Акулов МА, Орлова ОР и др. Ботулинотерапия в лечении спастичности нижней конечности. Нервно-мышечные болезни. 2017;(7):27. doi: 10.17650/2222-8721-2017-7-3-21-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khat’kova SE, Akulov MA, Orlova OR, et al. Botulinum toxin treatment of lower extremity spasticity. Nervno-myshechnyye bolezni = Neuromuscular Diseases. 2017;7(3):21-35. doi: 10.17650/2222-8721-2017-7-3-21-35 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Валериус К-П, Колстер БК, Франк А. Мышцы. Анатомия. Движения. Тестирование. Москва: Практическая медицина; 2016. 432 с. ISBN: 9785988112969</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valerius K-P, Frank A, Kolster BC, et al. The Muscle Book. Anatomy. Testing. Movement. Moscow: Prakticheskaya meditsina; 2016. 432 p. ISBN: 9785988112969 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Букуп К. Клиническое исследование костей, суставов и мышц. Тесты – симптомы – диагноз. Москва: Медицинская литература; 2008. 384 с. ISBN: 978-5-91803-009-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bukup K. Klinicheskoye issledovaniye kostey, sustavov i myshts. Testy – simptomy – diagnoz [Clinical examination of bones, joints and muscles. Tests – Symptoms – Diagnosis]. Moscow: Meditsinskaya literatura; 2008. 384 p. ISBN: 978-5-91803-009-7 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Левит К, Захсе Й, Янда В. Мануальная медицина. Пер. с англ. (Manipulative Therapy. Musculoskeletal Medicine). Москва: Вильямс; 2020. 560 с. ISBN 978-5-907203-39-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levit K, Zakhse Y, Yanda V. Manual'naya meditsina [Manipulative Therapy. Musculoskeletal Medicine]. Moscow: Williams; 2020. 560 p. ISBN 978-5-907203-39-6 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaji R, Osako Y, Suyama K, et al. Botulinum toxin type A in post-stroke upper limb spasticity. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010 Aug;26(8):1983-92. doi: 10.1185/03007995.2010.497103</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaji R, Osako Y, Suyama K, et al. Botulinum toxin type A in post-stroke upper limb spasticity. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010 Aug;26(8):1983-92. doi: 10.1185/03007995.2010.497103</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caty GD, Detrembleur C, Bleyenheuft C, et al. Effect of simultaneous botulinum toxin injections into several muscles on impairment, activity, participation, and quality of life among stroke patients presenting with a stiff knee gait. Stroke. 2008 Oct;39(10):2803-8. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.516153. Epub 2008 Jul 17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caty GD, Detrembleur C, Bleyenheuft C, et al. Effect of simultaneous botulinum toxin injections into several muscles on impairment, activity, participation, and quality of life among stroke patients presenting with a stiff knee gait. Stroke. 2008 Oct;39(10):2803-8. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.516153. Epub 2008 Jul 17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коваленко АП, Мисиков ВК, Искра ДА и др. Шкала Тардье в диагностике пациентов со спастичностью. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2019;119(9):83-90. doi: 10.17116/jnevro201911909183</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalenko AP, Misikov VK, Iskra DA, et al. Tardue scales in the diagnostic of spasticity. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2019;119(9):83-90. doi: 10.17116/jnevro201911909183 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mehrholz J, Wagner K, Meilner D, et al. Reliability of the Modified Tardieu Scale and the Modified Ashworth Scale in adult patients with severe brain injury: a comparison study. Clin Rehabil. 2005 Oct;19(7):751-9. doi: 10.1191/0269215505cr889oa</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mehrholz J, Wagner K, Meilner D, et al. Reliability of the Modified Tardieu Scale and the Modified Ashworth Scale in adult patients with severe brain injury: a comparison study. Clin Rehabil. 2005 Oct;19(7):751-9. doi: 10.1191/0269215505cr889oa</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wissel J, Bensmail D, Ferreira JJ, et al. Safety and Efficacy of IncobotulinumtoxinA Doses up 800 U in Limb Spasticity The TOWER study. Neurology. 2017 Apr 4;88(14):1321-8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003789. Epub 2017 Mar 10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wissel J, Bensmail D, Ferreira JJ, et al. Safety and Efficacy of IncobotulinumtoxinA Doses up 800 U in Limb Spasticity The TOWER study. Neurology. 2017 Apr 4;88(14):1321-8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003789. Epub 2017 Mar 10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Искра ДА, Коваленко АП, Кошкарев МА, Фрунза ДН. Комбинация миорелаксантов центрального и периферического действия в лечении постинсультной спастичности. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2019;119(12-2):51-7. doi: 10.17116/jnevro201911911251</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iskra DA, Kovalenko AP, Koshkarev MA, Frunza DN. Combination of central and peripheral muscle relaxants in the treatment of post-stroke spasticity. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2019;119(12-2):51-7. doi: 10.17116/jnevro201911912251 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simeonidis P. The Silverskiold Test. Foot Ankle Int. 2014. Aug;35(8):838. doi: 10.1177/1071100714535202. Epub 2014 Jul 30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simeonidis P. The Silverskiold Test. Foot Ankle Int. 2014. Aug;35(8):838. doi: 10.1177/1071100714535202. Epub 2014 Jul 30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van der Ploeg RJ, Oosterhuis HJ, Reuvecamp J. Measuring muscle sleight. J Neurol. 1984;231(4):200-3. doi: 10.1007/BF00313939</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van der Ploeg RJ, Oosterhuis HJ, Reuvecamp J. Measuring muscle sleight. J Neurol. 1984;231(4):200-3. doi: 10.1007/BF00313939</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delgado MR, Tilton A, Russman B, et al. AbobotulinumtoxinA for Equinus Foot Deformity in Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2016 Feb;137(2):e20152830. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-2830. Epub 2016 Jan 26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delgado MR, Tilton A, Russman B, et al. AbobotulinumtoxinA for Equinus Foot Deformity in Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2016 Feb;137(2):e20152830. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-2830. Epub 2016 Jan 26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Куренков АЛ, Носко АС, Клочкова ОА и др. Методы оценки двигательного развития ребенка со спастическими формами ДЦП при выборе мышц-мишеней для инъекций препарата ботулинического токсина типа А: Методическое руководство для врачей. Москва: РКИ «Соверо пресс»; 2014. 32 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurenkov AL, Nosko AS, Klochkova OA, et al. Metody otsenki dvigatel'nogo razvitiya rebonka so spasticheskimi formami DTsP pri vybore myshtsmisheney dlya in"yektsiy preparata botulinicheskogo toksina tipa A: Metodicheskoye rukovodstvo dlya vrachey [Methods for assessing the motor development of a child with spastic forms of cerebral palsy when choosing target muscles for injections of a botulinum toxin type A preparation: Methodological guide for doctors]. Moscow: RKI «Sovero press»; 2014. 32 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коваленко АП, Мисиков ВК. Ботулинический токсин в лечении спастичности нижней конечности при повреждениях головного мозга. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2018;118(9):28-34. doi: 10.17116/jnevro201811809128</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalenko AP, Misikov VK. Botulinum toxin in treatment of lower limb spasticity in patients with brain damage. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2018;118(9):28-34. doi: 10.17116/jnevro201811809128 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коваленко АП, Камаева ОВ, Полещук ЮР, Ковлен ДВ. Шкалы и тесты в реабилитации и лечении пациентов со спастичностью верхней конечности. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2020;120(4):107-14. doi: 10.17116/jnevro202012004110</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalenko AP, Kamaeva OV, Poleshchuk YuR, Kovlen DV. Scales and tests in the rehabilitation and treatment of patients with spasticity of the upper limbs. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2020;120(4):107-14. doi: 10.17116/jnevro2020120041107 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kovalenko A, Misikov V. Development and probation manual testing of spastic muscles for botulinum therapy. Toxicon. Pub. by Elsevier Ltd; 2021. Vol. 190, Suppl 1. P. S42-S43. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.11.429</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalenko A, Misikov V. Development and probation manual testing of spastic muscles for botulinum therapy. Toxicon. Pub. by Elsevier Ltd; 2021. Vol. 190, Suppl 1. P. S42-S43. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.11.429</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kovalenko A, Misikov V, Sinelnikov K, et al. Spasticity. Diagnosis and treatment. Neurostimulation and Neuromodulation in Contemporary Therapeutic Practice. Chapter title: Spasticity. Diagnosis and treatment. London: Open Intech Book; 2020. P. 49-82. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.91046</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalenko A, Misikov V, Sinelnikov K, et al. Spasticity. Diagnosis and treatment. Neurostimulation and Neuromodulation in Contemporary Therapeutic Practice. Chapter title: Spasticity. Diagnosis and treatment. London: Open Intech Book; 2020. P. 49-82. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.91046</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
