nnpNeurology, Neuropsychiatry, PsychosomaticsНеврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика2074-27112310-1342"IMA-Press", LLC10.14412/2074-2711-2021-4-103-108nnp-1623Research ArticleREVIEWSОБЗОРЫRehabilitation approaches in cervical dystoniaВозможности восстановительной медицины при цервикальной дистонииЗаляловаЗ. А.ZalyalovaZ. A.

Залялова Зулейха Абдуллазяновна.

420012, Казань, ул. Бутлерова, 49; 420039, Казань, ул. Исаева, 5.

Zuleikha Abdullazyanovna Zalyalova.

49, Butlerov St., Kazan 420012; 5, Isaeva St., Kazan 420039.

z.zalyalova@gmail.comЮсуповаЭ. Р.IusupovaE. R.

420103, Казань, ул. Маршала Чуйкова, 54.

54, Marshala Chuikova St., Kazan 420103.

Казанский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава России; Республиканский консультативно-диагностический центр экстрапирамидной патологии и ботулинотерапииРоссияKazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia; Republican Clinical Diagnostic Center for Extrapyramidal Pathology and Botulinum Toxin TherapyRussian FederationГородская клиническая больница №7РоссияCity Clinical Hospital №7Russian Federation202114082021134103108Copyright © Zalyalova Z.A., Iusupova E.R., 20212021Залялова З.А., Юсупова Э.Р.Zalyalova Z.A., Iusupova E.R.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1623

Cervical dystonia (CD) is a form of focal muscular dystonia. The pathophysiology of CD includes central and peripheral sensorimotor mechanisms that lead to a pathological posture, imbalance, gait disturbances, and pain. Current CD treatment guidelines include botulinum toxin (BT) injections as first-line therapy. It has been established that a combination of BT injections and rehabilitation programs can reduce the disease severity, disability, and pain, improve the quality of life, and increase the duration and intensity of the BT. Even though different opinions exist on rehabilitation standards in patients with CD, several strategies are distinguished for its different types. Currently, complex kinesiotherapy for CD is being introduced, proposed by the French specialist J.P. Bleton and based on sensorimotor retraining. Other rehabilitation methods include biofeedback, transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation, and proprioceptive rehabilitation. Each of these methods has its own pathophysiological rationale in CD.

Цервикальная дистония (ЦД) — локальная форма мышечной дистонии, в патогенезе которой участвуют центральные и периферические сенсомоторные механизмы, приводящие к патологической позе, нарушению равновесия, ходьбы, возникновению боли. Современные рекомендации по лечению ЦД относят инъекции ботулинического токсина (БТ) к терапии первой линии. Установлено, что комбинация инъекций БТ и реабилитационных программ может уменьшить тяжесть заболевания, инвалидизацию и боль, улучшить качество жизни, увеличить продолжительность и выраженность положительного эффекта от применения БТ. Несмотря на то что нет единого взгляда и стандартов для реабилитации пациентов с ЦД, выделяют ряд стратегий для разных ее форм. В настоящее время внедряется специальный кинезитерапевтический комплекс для ЦД, предложенный французским специалистом Ж.П. Блетоном и основанный на принципе сенсомоторного переучивания. Другие методы восстановительного лечения включают в себя биологическую обратную связь, чрескожную электрическую нейроэлектростимуляцию, проприоцептивную реабилитацию. Каждый из этих методов имеет свое патофизиологическое обоснование для применения при ЦД.

цервикальная дистониясенсомоторные нарушенияботулинотерапияреабилитацияметод Блетонасенсомоторное переучиваниекоррекция патологического положениярелаксацияфизиотерапиябиологическая обратная связьчрескожная электростимуляцияcervical dystoniasensorimotor disturbancesbotulinum toxinrehabilitationBleton methodsensorimotor retrainingcorrection of pathological positionrelaxationphysiotherapybiofeedbacktranscutaneous electrical stimulationСтатья спонсируется компанией Merz.This article has been supported by Merz.ReferencesЗалялова ЗА, Хафизова ИФ, Хаятова ЗГ. Патофизические основы реабилитации при цервикальной дистонии. Фарматека. 2017;15:7-15.Zalyalova ZA, Khafizova IF, Khaiatova ZG. Pathophysiological basis of rehabilitation in cervical dystonia. Farmateka. 2017;15:7-15 (In Russ.).Hallett M. Neurophysiology of dystonia: the role of inhibition. Neurobiol Dis. 2011 May;42(2):177-84. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.08.025. Epub 2010 Sep 15.Hallett M. Neurophysiology of dystonia: the role of inhibition. Neurobiol Dis. 2011 May;42(2):177-84. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.08.025. Epub 2010 Sep 15.Nowak DA, Hermsdorfer J. Predictive and reactive control of grasping forces: on the basal ganglia and sensory feedback. Exp Brain Res. 2006 Sep;173(4):650-60. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0409-7. Epub 2006 Mar 9.Nowak DA, Hermsdorfer J. Predictive and reactive control of grasping forces: on the basal ganglia and sensory feedback. Exp Brain Res. 2006 Sep;173(4):650-60. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0409-7. Epub 2006 Mar 9.Barardelli JC, Rothwell JC, Hallett M, et al. The pathophysiology of primary dystonia. Brain. 1998 Jul;121 ( Pt 7):1195-212. doi: 10.1093/brain/121.7.1195Barardelli JC, Rothwell JC, Hallett M, et al. The pathophysiology of primary dystonia. Brain. 1998 Jul;121 ( Pt 7):1195-212. doi: 10.1093/brain/121.7.1195Feve A. Physiopathologie de la dystonie. In: Christen Y, Droy-Lefaix MT, Nieoulon A, Rascol O, editors. La plaque neuromusculaire. Marseille: Solal; 1999. P. 151-7.Feve A. Physiopathologie de la dystonie. In: Christen Y, Droy-Lefaix MT, Nieoulon A, Rascol O, editors. La plaque neuromusculaire. Marseille: Solal; 1999. P. 151-7.Westphal CF. Uber eine dem Bilde der cerebrospinalen grauen Degeneration Khnliche Erkrankung des centrlen Nervensystem sohne anatomisschen Befund, nebsteinigen Bemerkungenuber paradoxe Contraction. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 1883;14:87-95.Westphal CF. Uber eine dem Bilde der cerebrospinalen grauen Degeneration Khnliche Erkrankung des centrlen Nervensystem sohne anatomisschen Befund, nebsteinigen Bemerkungenuber paradoxe Contraction. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 1883;14:87-95.Foix C, Thevenard A.Les reflexes de posture. Rev Neurol. 1923;30:449-68.Foix C, Thevenard A.Les reflexes de posture. Rev Neurol. 1923;30:449-68.Rondot P, Scherrer J.Reflex contraction induced by passive shortening of the muscle in athetosis and position dystonias. Rev Neurol. 1966 May;114(5):329-37.Rondot P, Scherrer J.Reflex contraction induced by passive shortening of the muscle in athetosis and position dystonias. Rev Neurol. 1966 May;114(5):329-37.Jedynak A, de Saint Victor JF. Treatment of spasmodic torticollis by local injections of botulinum toxin. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1990;146(6-7):440-3 (In French).Jedynak A, de Saint Victor JF. Treatment of spasmodic torticollis by local injections of botulinum toxin. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1990;146(6-7):440-3 (In French).Comella C, Bhatia K.An international survey of patients with cervical dystonia. J Neurol. 2015;262(4):837-48. doi: 10.1007/s00415-014-7586-2. Epub 2015 Jan 22.Comella C, Bhatia K.An international survey of patients with cervical dystonia. J Neurol. 2015;262(4):837-48. doi: 10.1007/s00415-014-7586-2. Epub 2015 Jan 22.Pagan FL, Harrison A.A guide to dosing in the treatment of cervical dystonia and blepharospasm with Xeomin: a new botulinum neurotoxin A. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012 Jun;18(5):441-5. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.02.008. Epub 2012 Mar 9.Pagan FL, Harrison A.A guide to dosing in the treatment of cervical dystonia and blepharospasm with Xeomin: a new botulinum neurotoxin A. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012 Jun;18(5):441-5. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.02.008. Epub 2012 Mar 9.Comella CL, Jankovic J, Truong DD, et al; U.S. XEOMIN Cervical Dystonia Study Group. Efficacy and safety of incobotulinumtoxinA (NT 201, XEOMIN(R), botulinum neurotoxin type A, without accessory proteins) in patients with cervical dystonia. J Neurol Sci. 2011 Sep 15;308(1-2):103-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.05.041. Epub 2011 Jul 18.Comella CL, Jankovic J, Truong DD, et al; U.S. XEOMIN Cervical Dystonia Study Group. Efficacy and safety of incobotulinumtoxinA (NT 201, XEOMIN(R), botulinum neurotoxin type A, without accessory proteins) in patients with cervical dystonia. J Neurol Sci. 2011 Sep 15;308(1-2):103-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.05.041. Epub 2011 Jul 18.Tsui JKC, Stoessl AJ, Eisen A, et al. Double-blind study of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis. Lancet. 1986 Aug 2;2(8501):245-7. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92070-2Tsui JKC, Stoessl AJ, Eisen A, et al. Double-blind study of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis. Lancet. 1986 Aug 2;2(8501):245-7. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92070-2Koller W, Vetere-Overfield B, Gray C, Dubinsky R. Failure of fixed-dose, fixed muscle injection of botulinum toxin in torticollis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1990 Aug;13(4):355-8. doi: 10.1097/00002826-199008000-00011Koller W, Vetere-Overfield B, Gray C, Dubinsky R. Failure of fixed-dose, fixed muscle injection of botulinum toxin in torticollis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1990 Aug;13(4):355-8. doi: 10.1097/00002826-199008000-00011Lorentz IT, Subramaniam SS, Yiannikas C. Treatment of idiopathic spasmodic torticollis with botulinum toxin A: a double-blind study on twenty-three patients. Mov Disord. 1991;6(2):145-50. doi: 10.1002/mds.870060210Lorentz IT, Subramaniam SS, Yiannikas C. Treatment of idiopathic spasmodic torticollis with botulinum toxin A: a double-blind study on twenty-three patients. Mov Disord. 1991;6(2):145-50. doi: 10.1002/mds.870060210Moore AP, Blumhardt LD. A double blind trial of botulinum toxin «A» in torticollis, with one year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991 Sep;54(9):813-6. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.54.9.813Moore AP, Blumhardt LD. A double blind trial of botulinum toxin «A» in torticollis, with one year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991 Sep;54(9):813-6. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.54.9.813Lu CS, Chen RS, Tsai CH. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of cervical dystonia. J Formos Med Assoc. 1995 Apr;94(4):189-92.Lu CS, Chen RS, Tsai CH. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of cervical dystonia. J Formos Med Assoc. 1995 Apr;94(4):189-92.Lew MF, Adornato BT, Duane DD, et al. Botulinum toxin type B: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, safety and efficacy study in cervical dystonia. Neurology. 1997 Sep;49(3):701-7. doi: 10.1212/wnl.49.3.701Lew MF, Adornato BT, Duane DD, et al. Botulinum toxin type B: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, safety and efficacy study in cervical dystonia. Neurology. 1997 Sep;49(3):701-7. doi: 10.1212/wnl.49.3.701Poewe W, Deuschl G, Nebe A, et al. What is the optimal dose of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of cervical dystonia? Results of a double blind, placebo controlled, dose ranging study using Dysport. German Dystonia Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998 Jan;64(1):13-7. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.64.1.13Poewe W, Deuschl G, Nebe A, et al. What is the optimal dose of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of cervical dystonia? Results of a double blind, placebo controlled, dose ranging study using Dysport. German Dystonia Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998 Jan;64(1):13-7. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.64.1.13Brashear A, Lew MF, Dykstra DD, et al. Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-responsive cervical dystonia. Neurology. 1999 Oct 22;53(7):1439-46. doi: 10.1212/wnl.53.7.1439Brashear A, Lew MF, Dykstra DD, et al. Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-responsive cervical dystonia. Neurology. 1999 Oct 22;53(7):1439-46. doi: 10.1212/wnl.53.7.1439Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, et al. Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia. Neurology. 1999 Oct 22;53(7):1431-8. doi: 10.1212/wnl.53.7.1431Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, et al. Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia. Neurology. 1999 Oct 22;53(7):1431-8. doi: 10.1212/wnl.53.7.1431Truong D, Duane DD, Jankovic J, et al. Efficacy and safety of botulinum type A toxin (Dysport) in cervical dystonia: results of the first US randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord. 2005 Jul;20(7):783-91. doi: 10.1002/mds.20403Truong D, Duane DD, Jankovic J, et al. Efficacy and safety of botulinum type A toxin (Dysport) in cervical dystonia: results of the first US randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord. 2005 Jul;20(7):783-91. doi: 10.1002/mds.20403Charles D, Brashear A, Hauser RA, et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and immunogenicity of onabotulinumtoxinA in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for cervical dystonia. Clin Neuropharmacol. Sep-Oct 2012;35(5):208-14. doi: 10.1097/WNF.0b013e31826538c7Charles D, Brashear A, Hauser RA, et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and immunogenicity of onabotulinumtoxinA in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for cervical dystonia. Clin Neuropharmacol. Sep-Oct 2012;35(5):208-14. doi: 10.1097/WNF.0b013e31826538c7Benecke R, Jost WH, Kanovsky P, et al. A new botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins for treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology. 2005 Jun 14;64(11):1949-51. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000163767.99354.C3Benecke R, Jost WH, Kanovsky P, et al. A new botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins for treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology. 2005 Jun 14;64(11):1949-51. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000163767.99354.C3Roggenkamper P, Jost WH, Bihari K, et al; NT 201 Blepharospasm Study Team. Efficacy and safety of a new botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins in the treatment of blepharospasm. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2006 Mar;113(3):303-12. doi: 10.1007/s00702-005-0323-3. Epub 2005 Jun 15.Roggenkamper P, Jost WH, Bihari K, et al; NT 201 Blepharospasm Study Team. Efficacy and safety of a new botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins in the treatment of blepharospasm. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2006 Mar;113(3):303-12. doi: 10.1007/s00702-005-0323-3. Epub 2005 Jun 15.Jost WH, Kohl A, Brinkmann S, Comes G. Efficacy and tolerability of a botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins (NT 201) compared with commercially available botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX) in healthy volunteers. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2005 Jul;112(7):905-13. doi: 10.1007/s00702-004-0234-8. Epub 2004 Nov 3.Jost WH, Kohl A, Brinkmann S, Comes G. Efficacy and tolerability of a botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins (NT 201) compared with commercially available botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX) in healthy volunteers. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2005 Jul;112(7):905-13. doi: 10.1007/s00702-004-0234-8. Epub 2004 Nov 3.Park J, Lee MS, Harrison AR. Profile of Xeomin® (incobotulinumtoxinA) for the treatment of blepharospasm. Clin Ophtalmol. 2011;5:725-32. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S13978. Epub 2011 Jun 1.Park J, Lee MS, Harrison AR. Profile of Xeomin® (incobotulinumtoxinA) for the treatment of blepharospasm. Clin Ophtalmol. 2011;5:725-32. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S13978. Epub 2011 Jun 1.Zoons E, Dijkgraaf MGW, Dijk JM, et al. Botulinum toxin as treatment for focal dystonia: A systematic review of the pharmaco-therapeu-tic and pharmaco-economic value.J Neurol. 2012 Dec;259(12):2519-26. doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6510-x. Epub 2012 May 3.Zoons E, Dijkgraaf MGW, Dijk JM, et al. Botulinum toxin as treatment for focal dystonia: A systematic review of the pharmaco-therapeu-tic and pharmaco-economic value.J Neurol. 2012 Dec;259(12):2519-26. doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6510-x. Epub 2012 May 3.Dressler D, Benecke R. Pharmacology of therapeutic botulinum toxin preparations. Disabil Rehabil. 2007 Dec 15;29(23):1761-8. doi: 10.1080/09638280701568296Dressler D, Benecke R. Pharmacology of therapeutic botulinum toxin preparations. Disabil Rehabil. 2007 Dec 15;29(23):1761-8. doi: 10.1080/09638280701568296Dressler D, Mander G, Fink K. Measuring the potency labelling of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox®) and incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®) in an LD50 assay. J Neural Transm. 2012 Jan;119(1):13-5. doi: 10.1007/s00702-011-0719-1. Epub 2011 Oct 5.Dressler D, Mander G, Fink K. Measuring the potency labelling of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox®) and incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®) in an LD50 assay. J Neural Transm. 2012 Jan;119(1):13-5. doi: 10.1007/s00702-011-0719-1. Epub 2011 Oct 5.Sethi Kapil D, Rodriguez R, Olayinka B. Satisfaction with botulinum toxin treatment: a cross-sectional survey of patients with cervical dystonia. J Med Econ.2012;15(3):419-23. doi: 10.3111/13696998.2011.653726. Epub 2012 Jan 18.Sethi Kapil D, Rodriguez R, Olayinka B. Satisfaction with botulinum toxin treatment: a cross-sectional survey of patients with cervical dystonia. J Med Econ.2012;15(3):419-23. doi: 10.3111/13696998.2011.653726. Epub 2012 Jan 18.Evidente VG, Truong D, Jankovic J, et al. IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®) injected for blepharospasm or cervical dystonia according to patient needs is well tolerated. J Neurol Sci.2014;346(1-2):116-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.08.004Evidente VG, Truong D, Jankovic J, et al. IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®) injected for blepharospasm or cervical dystonia according to patient needs is well tolerated. J Neurol Sci.2014;346(1-2):116-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.08.004Bleton J-P. Physiotherapy of focal dystonia: a physiotherapists personal experience. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Jul;17 Suppl 1:107-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03061.xBleton J-P. Physiotherapy of focal dystonia: a physiotherapists personal experience. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Jul;17 Suppl 1:107-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03061.xZati A, Cremonini P.Le training autogene de Jacobson dans le traitement du torticolis psychogene. J Readapt Med. 1993;13:3-6.Zati A, Cremonini P.Le training autogene de Jacobson dans le traitement du torticolis psychogene. J Readapt Med. 1993;13:3-6.De Ajuriaguerra J, Garcia Badaracco J, Trillat E, Soubiran G. Treatment of writer's cramp by relaxation: the case process from the tonic experience. Encephale. 1956;2:141-71 (In French).De Ajuriaguerra J, Garcia Badaracco J, Trillat E, Soubiran G. Treatment of writer's cramp by relaxation: the case process from the tonic experience. Encephale. 1956;2:141-71 (In French).Schultz JH. Le training autogene. Bibliotheque de psychiatrie. Paris: PUF; 1997.Schultz JH. Le training autogene. Bibliotheque de psychiatrie. Paris: PUF; 1997.Meige H, Feindel E. Traitement des tics. Traitement par l'immobilisation des mouve-ments et les mouvements d'immobilisation. Methode de Brissaud. Presse Med. 1901;22:125.Meige H, Feindel E. Traitement des tics. Traitement par l'immobilisation des mouve-ments et les mouvements d'immobilisation. Methode de Brissaud. Presse Med. 1901;22:125.Ramdharry G. Physiotherapy cuts the dose of botulinum toxin. Physiother Res Int. 2006 Jun;11(2):117-22. doi: 10.1002/pri.326Ramdharry G. Physiotherapy cuts the dose of botulinum toxin. Physiother Res Int. 2006 Jun;11(2):117-22. doi: 10.1002/pri.326Boyce M, Canning C, Mahant N, et al. Active exercise for individuals with cervical dystonia: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2013 Mar;27(3):226-35. doi: 10.1177/0269215512456221. Epub 2012 Aug 17.Boyce M, Canning C, Mahant N, et al. Active exercise for individuals with cervical dystonia: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2013 Mar;27(3):226-35. doi: 10.1177/0269215512456221. Epub 2012 Aug 17.Van den Dool J, Visser B, Koelman JHTM, et al. Long-term specialized physical therapy in cervical dystonia: outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2019 Aug;100(8):1417-25. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2019.01.013. Epub 2019 Feb 20.Van den Dool J, Visser B, Koelman JHTM, et al. Long-term specialized physical therapy in cervical dystonia: outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2019 Aug;100(8):1417-25. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2019.01.013. Epub 2019 Feb 20.Korein J, Brudny J. Integrated EMG feedback in the management of spasmodic torticollis and focal dystonia: a prospective study of 80 patients. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 1976;55:385-426.Korein J, Brudny J. Integrated EMG feedback in the management of spasmodic torticollis and focal dystonia: a prospective study of 80 patients. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 1976;55:385-426.Bruce L, Bird BL, Catalo MF. Experimental analysis of EMG. Feedback in treating dystonia. Ann Neurol. 1978 Apr;3(4):310-5. doi: 10.1002/ana.410030406Bruce L, Bird BL, Catalo MF. Experimental analysis of EMG. Feedback in treating dystonia. Ann Neurol. 1978 Apr;3(4):310-5. doi: 10.1002/ana.410030406Cleeland CS. Behavioral technics in the modification of spasmodic torticollis. Neurology. 1973 Nov;23(11):1241-7. doi: 10.1212/wnl.23.11.1241Cleeland CS. Behavioral technics in the modification of spasmodic torticollis. Neurology. 1973 Nov;23(11):1241-7. doi: 10.1212/wnl.23.11.1241Bending J, Cleeves L. Effect of electrical nerve stimulation on dystonic tremor. Lancet. 1990 Dec 1;336(8727):1385-6. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92946-fBending J, Cleeves L. Effect of electrical nerve stimulation on dystonic tremor. Lancet. 1990 Dec 1;336(8727):1385-6. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92946-fTinazzi M, Zarattini S, Valeriani M, et al. Long-lasting modulation of human motor cortex following prolonged transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of forearm muscles: evidence of reciprocal inhibition and facilitation. Exp Brain Res. 2005 Mar;161(4):457-64. doi: 10.1007/s00221-004-2091-y. Epub 2004 Nov 16.Tinazzi M, Zarattini S, Valeriani M, et al. Long-lasting modulation of human motor cortex following prolonged transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of forearm muscles: evidence of reciprocal inhibition and facilitation. Exp Brain Res. 2005 Mar;161(4):457-64. doi: 10.1007/s00221-004-2091-y. Epub 2004 Nov 16.Cavanaugh JA, Platt JV. Retrocollis: management with orthoplast adapted orthosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1976 Jun;57(6):300-2.Cavanaugh JA, Platt JV. Retrocollis: management with orthoplast adapted orthosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1976 Jun;57(6):300-2.Bleton JP, Vidailhet M, Bourdain F, et al. Somatosensory cortical remodelling after rehabilitation and clinical benefit of in writer's cramp. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 May;82(5):574-7. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2009.192476. Epub 2010 Jun 18.Bleton JP, Vidailhet M, Bourdain F, et al. Somatosensory cortical remodelling after rehabilitation and clinical benefit of in writer's cramp. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 May;82(5):574-7. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2009.192476. Epub 2010 Jun 18.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.