<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-2711-2021-1-101-106</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-1518</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Modern approaches to drug treatment for vestibular vertigo</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные подходы к медикаментозному лечению вестибулярного головокружения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Замерград</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zamergrad</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Максим Валерьевич Замерград</p><p>Кафедра неврологии с курсом рефлексологии и мануальной терапии; Российский геронтологический научно-клинический центр</p><p>125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maksim Valeryevich Zamergrad</p><p>Department of Neurology with Course of Reflexology and Manual Therapy; Russian Gerontology Research and Clinical Center</p><p>2/1, Barrikadnaya St., Build. 1, Moscow 1259931, Ostrovityanov St., Moscow 117997 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zamergrad@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозова</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozova</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>8, Trubetskaya St., Build 2, Moscow 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ВО «Российский научно-исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia; N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>101</fpage><lpage>106</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Zamergrad M.V., Morozova S.V., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Замерград М.В., Морозова С.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zamergrad M.V., Morozova S.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1518">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1518</self-uri><abstract><p>In recent years, some progress has been achieved in elaborating the algorithms and standards for the treatment of many conditions accompanied by vertigo. The current possibilities of treating vestibular vertigo consist of a gradually expanding arsenal of symptomatic and pathogenetic drugs. Among the drugs used for the symptomatic treatment of vestibular vertigo, there are vestibular suppressants (antihistamines, benzodiazepines, and calcium antagonists) and antiemetics (dopamine antagonists and serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists). The paper discusses the possibilities of using betahistine and vitamin D as pathogenetic agents for recurrent benign paroxysmal positional vertigo; diuretics, betahistine (including the new prolonged release formulation Betaserc® Long), glucocorticoids, and gentamicin for Meniere's disease; triptans, beta-blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, and anticonvulsants for vestibular migraine; glucocorticoids, antiviral agents, and drugs that accelerate vestibular compensation for acute unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy (vestibular neuritis and Ramsey Hunt syndrome).</p><p>The emergence of new drugs, as well as the design of new dosage forms that enhance patient adherence to the prescribed treatment, can improve quality of life in patients suffering from diseases that have recently led to long-term disability or even incapacitation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В последние годы достигнут определенный прогресс в создании алгоритмов и стандартов терапии многих состояний, сопровождающихся головокружением. Современные возможности лечения вестибулярного головокружения складываются из постепенно расширяющегося арсенала лекарственных средств симптоматического и патогенетического действия. Среди препаратов для симптоматического лечения вестибулярного головокружения – вестибулярные супрессанты (антигистаминные средства, бензодиазепины и антагонисты кальция) и противорвотные средства (антагонисты дофамина и антагонисты серотониновых 5-HT3-рецеторы). Обсуждаются возможности применения в качестве патогенетических средств бетагистина и витамина D при рецидивирующем доброкачественном пароксизмальном позиционном головокружении; диуретиков, бетагистина (в том числе новой пролонгированной формы – Бетасерк® Лонг), глюкокортикоидов и гентамицина – при болезни Меньера; триптанов, бета-адреноблокаторов, трициклических антидепрессантов и антиконвульсантов – при вестибулярной мигрени; глюкокортикоидов, противовирусных средств и препаратов, ускоряющих вестибулярную компенсацию, – при острой односторонней периферической вестибулопатии (вестибулярном нейроните и синдроме Рамсея Ханта).</p><p>Появление новых препаратов, а также создание новых лекарственных форм, способствующих повышению приверженности пациентов назначенному лечению, позволяют повысить качество жизни пациентов, страдающих заболеваниями, которые еще недавно приводили к длительной нетрудоспособности или даже инвалидизации.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лечение головокружения</kwd><kwd>вестибулярные супрессанты</kwd><kwd>доброкачественное пароксизмальное позиционное головокружение</kwd><kwd>вестибулярный нейронит</kwd><kwd>болезнь Меньера</kwd><kwd>вестибулярная мигрень</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vertigo treatment</kwd><kwd>vestibular suppressants</kwd><kwd>benign paroxysmal positional vertigo</kwd><kwd>vestibular neuritis</kwd><kwd>Meniere's disease</kwd><kwd>vestibular migraine</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья спонсируется компанией Abbott. Спонсор участвовал в разработке проекта исследования и поддержке исследовательской программы, а также принятии решения о представлении статьи для публикации.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This article has been supported by Abbott. The sponsor has participated in the development of the investigation project and supported the investigation program, as well as in the decision to submit the article for publication.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Парфенов ВА, Замерград МВ, Мельников ОА. Головокружение: диагностика и лечение, распространенные диагностические ошибки. 3-е изд. Москва: МИА; 2019. 208 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parfenov VA, Zamergrad MV, Melnikov OA. Golovokruzheniye: diagnostika i lecheniye, rasprostranennyye diagnosticheskiye oshibki [Dizziness: diagnosis and management, common pitfalls]. 3 rd ed. Moscow: MIA; 2019. 208 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strupp M, Mandala M, Lopez-Escаmez JA. Peripheral vestibular disorders: an update. Curr Opin Neurol. 2019 Feb;32(1):165-73. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000649</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strupp M, Mandala M, Lopez-Escаmez JA. Peripheral vestibular disorders: an update. Curr Opin Neurol. 2019 Feb;32(1):165-73. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000649</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muncie HL, Sirmans SM, Dizziness JE. Approach to Evaluation and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2017;95(3):154-62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muncie HL, Sirmans SM, Dizziness JE. Approach to Evaluation and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2017;95(3):154-62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hain TC, Uddin M. Pharmacological treatment of vertigo. CNS Drugs. 2003;17(2):85-100. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200317020-00002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hain TC, Uddin M. Pharmacological treatment of vertigo. CNS Drugs. 2003;17(2):85-100. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200317020-00002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scholtz AW, Ilgner J, Loader B, et al. Cinnarizine and dimenhydrinate in the treatment of vertigo in medical practice. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2016 May;128(9-10):341-7. doi: 10.1007/s00508-015-0905-5. Epub 2015 Dec 11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scholtz AW, Ilgner J, Loader B, et al. Cinnarizine and dimenhydrinate in the treatment of vertigo in medical practice. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2016 May;128(9-10):341-7. doi: 10.1007/s00508-015-0905-5. Epub 2015 Dec 11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amini A, Heidari K, Asadollahi S, et al. Intravenous promethazine versus lorazepam for the treatment of peripheral vertigo in the emergency department: A double blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. J Vestib Res. 2014;24(1):39-47. doi: 10.3233/VES-130506</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amini A, Heidari K, Asadollahi S, et al. Intravenous promethazine versus lorazepam for the treatment of peripheral vertigo in the emergency department: A double blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. J Vestib Res. 2014;24(1):39-47. doi: 10.3233/VES-130506</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taghdiri F, Togha M, Razeghi Jahromi S, Refaeian F. Cinnarizine for the prophylaxis of migraine associated vertigo: a retrospective study. Springerplus. 2014 May 7;3:231. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-231</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taghdiri F, Togha M, Razeghi Jahromi S, Refaeian F. Cinnarizine for the prophylaxis of migraine associated vertigo: a retrospective study. Springerplus. 2014 May 7;3:231. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-231</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cesarani A, Alpini D, Monti B, Raponi G; ENT Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. The treatment of acute vertigo. Neurol Sci. 2004 Mar;25 Suppl 1:S26-30. doi: 10.1007/s10072-004-0213-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cesarani A, Alpini D, Monti B, Raponi G; ENT Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. The treatment of acute vertigo. Neurol Sci. 2004 Mar;25 Suppl 1:S26-30. doi: 10.1007/s10072-004-0213-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lacour M, Helmchen C, Vidal PP. Vestibular compensation: the neuro-otologist's best friend. J Neurol. 2016 Apr;263 Suppl 1:S54-64. doi: 10.1007/s00415-015-7903-4. Epub 2016 Apr 15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lacour M, Helmchen C, Vidal PP. Vestibular compensation: the neuro-otologist's best friend. J Neurol. 2016 Apr;263 Suppl 1:S54-64. doi: 10.1007/s00415-015-7903-4. Epub 2016 Apr 15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Venail F, Biboulet R, Mondain M, Uziel A. A protective effect of 5-HT3 antagonist against vestibular deficit? Metoclopramide versus ondansetron at the early stage of vestibular neuritis: a pilot study. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2012 Apr;129(2):65-8. doi: 10.1016/j.anorl.2011.10.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Venail F, Biboulet R, Mondain M, Uziel A. A protective effect of 5-HT3 antagonist against vestibular deficit? Metoclopramide versus ondansetron at the early stage of vestibular neuritis: a pilot study. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2012 Apr;129(2):65-8. doi: 10.1016/j.anorl.2011.10.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dyhrfjeld-Johnsen J, Gaboyard-Niay S, Broussy A, et al. Ondansetron reduces lasting vestibular deficits in a model of severe peripheral excitotoxic injury. J Vestib Res. 2013;23(3):177-86. doi: 10.3233/VES-130483</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dyhrfjeld-Johnsen J, Gaboyard-Niay S, Broussy A, et al. Ondansetron reduces lasting vestibular deficits in a model of severe peripheral excitotoxic injury. J Vestib Res. 2013;23(3):177-86. doi: 10.3233/VES-130483</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guneri EA, Kustutan O. The effects of betahistine in addition to epley maneuver in posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012 Jan;146(1):104-8. doi: 10.1177/0194599811419093. Epub 2011 Aug 18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guneri EA, Kustutan O. The effects of betahistine in addition to epley maneuver in posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012 Jan;146(1):104-8. doi: 10.1177/0194599811419093. Epub 2011 Aug 18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jalali MM, Gerami H, Saberi A, Razaghi S. The Impact of Betahistine versus Dimenhydrinate in the Resolution of Residual Dizziness in Patients with Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2020 May;129(5):434-40. doi: 10.1177/0003489419892285. Epub 2019 Dec 6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jalali MM, Gerami H, Saberi A, Razaghi S. The Impact of Betahistine versus Dimenhydrinate in the Resolution of Residual Dizziness in Patients with Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2020 May;129(5):434-40. doi: 10.1177/0003489419892285. Epub 2019 Dec 6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">AlGarni MA, Mirza AA, Althobaiti AA, et al. Association of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo with vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2018 Nov;275(11):2705-11. doi: 10.1007/s00405-018-5146-6. Epub 2018 Oct 9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">AlGarni MA, Mirza AA, Althobaiti AA, et al. Association of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo with vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2018 Nov;275(11):2705-11. doi: 10.1007/s00405-018-5146-6. Epub 2018 Oct 9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Talaat HS, Kabel AM, Khaliel LH, et al. Reduction of recurrence rate of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo by treatment of severe vitamin D deficiency. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2016 Jun;43(3):237-41. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2015.08.009. Epub 2015 Sep 16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Talaat HS, Kabel AM, Khaliel LH, et al. Reduction of recurrence rate of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo by treatment of severe vitamin D deficiency. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2016 Jun;43(3):237-41. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2015.08.009. Epub 2015 Sep 16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeong SH, Kim JS, Kim HJ, et al. Prevention of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo with vitamin D supplementation: A randomized trial. Neurology. 2020 Sep 1;95(9):e1117-e1125. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010343. Epub 2020 Aug 5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeong SH, Kim JS, Kim HJ, et al. Prevention of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo with vitamin D supplementation: A randomized trial. Neurology. 2020 Sep 1;95(9):e1117-e1125. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010343. Epub 2020 Aug 5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sepahdari AR, Vorasubin N, Ishiyama G, Ishiyama A. Endolymphatic Hydrops Reversal following Acetazolamide Therapy: Demonstration with Delayed Intravenous Contrast-Enhanced 3D-FLAIR MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016 Jan;37(1):151-4. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4462</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sepahdari AR, Vorasubin N, Ishiyama G, Ishiyama A. Endolymphatic Hydrops Reversal following Acetazolamide Therapy: Demonstration with Delayed Intravenous Contrast-Enhanced 3D-FLAIR MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016 Jan;37(1):151-4. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4462</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thirlwall AS, Kundu S. Diuretics for Meniere's disease or syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD003599. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003599.pub2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thirlwall AS, Kundu S. Diuretics for Meniere's disease or syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD003599. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003599.pub2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crowson MG, Patki A, Tucci DL. A Systematic Review of Diuretics in the Medical Management of Meniere's Disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 May;154(5):824-34. doi: 10.1177/0194599816630733. Epub 2016 Mar 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crowson MG, Patki A, Tucci DL. A Systematic Review of Diuretics in the Medical Management of Meniere's Disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 May;154(5):824-34. doi: 10.1177/0194599816630733. Epub 2016 Mar 1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nauta JJ. Meta-analysis of clinical studies with betahistine in Meniere's disease and vestibular vertigo. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014 May;271(5):887-97. doi: 10.1007/s00405013-2596-8. Epub 2013 Jun 19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nauta JJ. Meta-analysis of clinical studies with betahistine in Meniere's disease and vestibular vertigo. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014 May;271(5):887-97. doi: 10.1007/s00405013-2596-8. Epub 2013 Jun 19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strupp M, Hupert D, Frenzel C, et al. Long-term prophylactic treatment of attacks of vertigo in Meniere's disease – comparison of a high with a low dosage of betahistine in an open trial. Acta Otolaryngol. 2008 May;128(5):520-4. doi: 10.1080/00016480701724912</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strupp M, Hupert D, Frenzel C, et al. Long-term prophylactic treatment of attacks of vertigo in Meniere's disease – comparison of a high with a low dosage of betahistine in an open trial. Acta Otolaryngol. 2008 May;128(5):520-4. doi: 10.1080/00016480701724912</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mira E, Guidetti G, Ghilardi L, et al. Betahistine dihydrochloride in the treatment of peripheral vestibular vertigo. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2003 Feb;260(2):73-7. doi: 10.1007/s00405-002-0524-4. Epub 2002 Sep 11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mira E, Guidetti G, Ghilardi L, et al. Betahistine dihydrochloride in the treatment of peripheral vestibular vertigo. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2003 Feb;260(2):73-7. doi: 10.1007/s00405-002-0524-4. Epub 2002 Sep 11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parfenov VA, Golyk VA, Matsnev EI, et al. Effectiveness of betahistine (48 mg/day) in patients with vestibular vertigo during routine practice: The VIRTUOSO study. PLoS One. 2017 Mar 30;12(3):e0174114. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174114. eCollection 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parfenov VA, Golyk VA, Matsnev EI, et al. Effectiveness of betahistine (48 mg/day) in patients with vestibular vertigo during routine practice: The VIRTUOSO study. PLoS One. 2017 Mar 30;12(3):e0174114. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174114. eCollection 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Magnan J, Еzgirgin ON, Trabalzini F, et al. European Position Statement on Diagnosis, and Treatment of Meniere's Disease. J Int Adv Otol. 2018 Aug;14(2):317-21. doi: 10.5152/iao.2018.140818</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magnan J, Еzgirgin ON, Trabalzini F, et al. European Position Statement on Diagnosis, and Treatment of Meniere's Disease. J Int Adv Otol. 2018 Aug;14(2):317-21. doi: 10.5152/iao.2018.140818</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Basura GJ, Adams ME, Monfared A, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Mеniеre's Disease Executive Summary. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Apr;162(4):415-34. doi: 10.1177/0194599820909439</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Basura GJ, Adams ME, Monfared A, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Mеniеre's Disease Executive Summary. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Apr;162(4):415-34. doi: 10.1177/0194599820909439</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Парфенов ВА, Замерград МВ, Казей ДВ, Наута Й. Исследование эффективности и безопасности новой формы бетагистина с модифицированным высвобождением в лечении вестибулярного головокружения и болезни Меньера. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2020;120(12):42-8 doi: 10.17116/jnevro202012012142</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parfenov VA, Zamergrad MV, Kazey DV, Nauta Y. Study of the efficacy and safety of a new form of betahistine with modified release in the treatment of vestibular vertigo and Meniere's disease. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2020;120(12):42-8. doi: 10.17116/jnevro202012012142 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Инструкция по медицинскому применению лекарственного препарата Бетасерк® Лонг, таблетки с модифицированным высвобождением, покрытые пленочной оболочкой, 48 мг (Эбботт Продактс Оперейшнз ЭйДжи, Швейцария). Регистрационный номер: ЛП-006452. Доступно по ссылке: https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/Grls_View_v2.aspx?routingGuid=e9a13fa6-0d53-4aa5-930329a46779a51c&amp;t=</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Instruktsiya po meditsinskomu primeneniyu lekarstvennogo preparata Betaserk ® Long. tabletki s modifitsirovannym vysvobozhdeniyem. pokrytyye plenochnoy obolochkoy. 48 mg (Ebbott Prodakts Opereyshnz EyDzhi. Shveytsariya). Registratsionnyy nomer: LP-006452. Available from: https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/Grls_View_v2.aspx?routingGuid=e9a13fa6-0d53-4aa5-930329a46779a51c&amp;t= (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaya I, Eraslan S, Tarhan C, et al. Can verapamil be effective in controlling vertigo and headache attacks in vestibular migraine accompanied with Meniere's disease? A preliminary study. J Neurol. 2019 Sep;266(Suppl 1):62-4. doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09309-w. Epub 2019 Apr 15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaya I, Eraslan S, Tarhan C, et al. Can verapamil be effective in controlling vertigo and headache attacks in vestibular migraine accompanied with Meniere's disease? A preliminary study. J Neurol. 2019 Sep;266(Suppl 1):62-4. doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09309-w. Epub 2019 Apr 15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rask-Andersen H, Friberg U, Johansson M, Stjernschantz J. Effects of intratympanic injection of latanoprost in Meniere's disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005 Sep;133(3):441-3. doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2005.05.043</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rask-Andersen H, Friberg U, Johansson M, Stjernschantz J. Effects of intratympanic injection of latanoprost in Meniere's disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005 Sep;133(3):441-3. doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2005.05.043</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lempert T, Olesen J, Furman J, et al. Vestibular migraine: diagnostic criteria. J Vestib Res. 2012;22(4):167-72. doi: 10.3233/VES2012-0453</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lempert T, Olesen J, Furman J, et al. Vestibular migraine: diagnostic criteria. J Vestib Res. 2012;22(4):167-72. doi: 10.3233/VES2012-0453</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maldonado Fernandez M, Birdi JS, Irving GJ, et al. Pharmacological agents for the prevention of vestibular migraine. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 21;2015(6):CD010600. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010600.pub2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maldonado Fernandez M, Birdi JS, Irving GJ, et al. Pharmacological agents for the prevention of vestibular migraine. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 21;2015(6):CD010600. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010600.pub2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Furman JM, Marcus DA, Balaban CD. Rizatriptan reduces vestibular-induced motion sickness in migraineurs. J Headache Pain. 2011 Feb;12(1):81-8. doi: 10.1007/s10194-010-0250z. Epub 2010 Sep 23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Furman JM, Marcus DA, Balaban CD. Rizatriptan reduces vestibular-induced motion sickness in migraineurs. J Headache Pain. 2011 Feb;12(1):81-8. doi: 10.1007/s10194-010-0250z. Epub 2010 Sep 23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lauritsen CG, Marmura MJ. Current Treatment Options: Vestibular Migraine. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2017 Sep 30;19(11):38. doi: 10.1007/s11940-017-0476-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lauritsen CG, Marmura MJ. Current Treatment Options: Vestibular Migraine. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2017 Sep 30;19(11):38. doi: 10.1007/s11940-017-0476-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lapira A. Vestibular migraine treatment and prevention. HNO. 2019 Jun;67(6):425-8. doi: 10.1007/s00106-019-0661-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lapira A. Vestibular migraine treatment and prevention. HNO. 2019 Jun;67(6):425-8. doi: 10.1007/s00106-019-0661-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balaban CD, Black RD, Silberstein SD. Vestibular Neuroscience for the Headache Specialist. Headache. 2019 Jul;59(7):1109-27. doi: 10.1111/head.13550. Epub 2019 May 11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balaban CD, Black RD, Silberstein SD. Vestibular Neuroscience for the Headache Specialist. Headache. 2019 Jul;59(7):1109-27. doi: 10.1111/head.13550. Epub 2019 May 11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lempert T, von Brevern M. Vestibular Migraine. Neurol Clin. 2019 Nov;37(4):695-706. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2019.06.003. Epub 2019 Aug 20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lempert T, von Brevern M. Vestibular Migraine. Neurol Clin. 2019 Nov;37(4):695-706. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2019.06.003. Epub 2019 Aug 20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Le TN, Westerberg BD, Lea J. Vestibular Neuritis: Recent Advances in Etiology, Diagnostic Evaluation, and Treatment. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;82:87-92. doi: 10.1159/000490275. Epub 2019 Jan 15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Le TN, Westerberg BD, Lea J. Vestibular Neuritis: Recent Advances in Etiology, Diagnostic Evaluation, and Treatment. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;82:87-92. doi: 10.1159/000490275. Epub 2019 Jan 15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sjögren J, Magnusson M, Tjernström F, Karlberg M. Steroids for Acute Vestibular Neuronitis-the Earlier the Treatment, the Better the Outcome? Otol Neurotol. 2019 Mar;40(3):372-4. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000002106</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sjögren J, Magnusson M, Tjernström F, Karlberg M. Steroids for Acute Vestibular Neuronitis-the Earlier the Treatment, the Better the Outcome? Otol Neurotol. 2019 Mar;40(3):372-4. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000002106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strupp M, Zingler VC, Arbusow V, et al. Methylprednisolone, valacyclovir, or the combination for vestibular neuritis. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 22;351(4):354-61. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa033280</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strupp M, Zingler VC, Arbusow V, et al. Methylprednisolone, valacyclovir, or the combination for vestibular neuritis. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 22;351(4):354-61. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa033280</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гусева АЛ, Замерград МВ, Левин ОС. Синдром Рамсея-Ханта. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2020;120(9):151-7. doi: 10.17116/jnevro2020120091151</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guseva AL, Zamergrad MV, Levin OS. Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2020;120(9):151-7. doi: 10.17116/jnevro2020120091151 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zainine R, Sellami M, Charfeddine A, et al. Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2012 Feb;129(1):22-5. doi: 10.1016/j.anorl.2011.08.003. Epub 2012 Feb 24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zainine R, Sellami M, Charfeddine A, et al. Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2012 Feb;129(1):22-5. doi: 10.1016/j.anorl.2011.08.003. Epub 2012 Feb 24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Redon C, Lopez C, Bernard-Demanze L. Betahistine treatment improves the recovery of static symptoms in patients with unilateral vestibular loss. J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Apr;51(4):538-48. doi: 10.1177/0091270010369241. Epub 2010 Oct 12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Redon C, Lopez C, Bernard-Demanze L. Betahistine treatment improves the recovery of static symptoms in patients with unilateral vestibular loss. J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Apr;51(4):538-48. doi: 10.1177/0091270010369241. Epub 2010 Oct 12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamann KF. Special ginkgo extract in cases of vertigo: a systematic review of randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical examinations. HNO. 2007;55(4):258-63. doi: 10.1007/s00106-006-1440-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamann KF. Special ginkgo extract in cases of vertigo: a systematic review of randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical examinations. HNO. 2007;55(4):258-63. doi: 10.1007/s00106-006-1440-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
