<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-2711-2020-4-57-64</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-1412</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И МЕТОДИКИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The main clinical and diagnostic characteristics of patients with low back pain and sacroiliac joint diseases (results of the IOLANTA-II study)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Основные клинико-диагностические характеристики пациентов с болью в нижней части спины и патологией крестцово-подвздошных суставов (результаты исследования ИОЛАНТА-II)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Золотовская</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zolotovskaya</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирина Александровна Золотовская</p><p>443099, Самара, ул. Чапаевская, 89</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina Aleksandrovna Zolotovskaya</p><p>89, Chapaevskaya St., Samara 443099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zolotovskay@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Давыдкин</surname><given-names>И. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Davydkin</surname><given-names>I. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>443099, Самара, ул. Чапаевская, 89</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>89, Chapaevskaya St., Samara 443099</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Самарский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samara State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>08</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>57</fpage><lpage>64</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Zolotovskaya I.A., Davydkin I.L., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Золотовская И.А., Давыдкин И.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zolotovskaya I.A., Davydkin I.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1412">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1412</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to investigate the clinical and diagnostic characteristics of patients with low back pain in the presence of sacroiliac joint (SIJ) disease.</p></sec><sec><title>Patients and methods</title><p>Patients and methods. The investigation design involved three visits: V 1 (inclusion); V 2 (after 7 days), and V 3 (after 3 months); after the screening period, the investigation enrolled 259 patients aged 65.5 [62.5; 69.5] years; of them there were 165 (63.7%) women. At V 1 , according to magnetic resonance imaging findings, the patients were divided into two groups: 1) 157 patients without confirmed SIJ disease; 2) 102 patients with confirmed SIJ disease. During all visits, the investigators made general clinical and neurological examinations and assessed the intensity of pain syndrome according to a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain in millimeters, a neuropathic pain component according to the DN4 questionnaire, by determining the blood parameters: transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, Beta-Crosslaps, the indicator of bone matrix formation procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and by estimating the urinary level of deoxypyridinoline.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. At all visits, Group 2 patients with higher VAS pain scores had a pain history that was statistically significantly longer (p&lt;0.001). The ANOVA analysis showed that the patients in Group 2 had statistically significantly higher values of TGF-β1, IL-1β, IL-6, and bone resorption markers than those in Group 1, which suggests the relationship between pain syndrome and the presence of an inflammatoryresorptive process in patients with SIJ disease.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. A high (39.4%) prevalence of SIJ disease was noted in patients over 60 years of age with low back pain. During the follow-up period, there was a decrease in bone resorption markers and cytokines; however, the SIJ disease group showed less pronounced changes with statistically significant differences in all parameters than in the non-SIJ disease group. It is advisable to consider an algorithm for diagnosing a patient over 60 years of age with low back pain, by mandatorily examining his/her SIJ. Treatment policy, including methods for correction with drugs, should be discussed based on the findings.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цель исследования – изучение клинико-диагностических характеристик пациентов с болью в нижней части спины (БНЧС) и наличием патологии крестцово-подвздошных суставов (КПС).</p><sec><title>Пациенты и методы</title><p>Пациенты и методы. Дизайн исследования предусматривал три визита (V 1 – включение, V 2 – через 7 дней, V 3 – через 3 мес), после периода скринига в исследование включено 259 больных в возрасте 65,5 [62,5; 69,5] года, из них женщин – 165 (63,7%). При V 1 по результатам магнитно-резонансной томографии пациенты разделены на две группы: пациенты 1-й группы (n=157) – без подтвержденной патологии КПС, пациенты 2-й группы (n=102) – с подтвержденной патологией КПС. Во время всех визитов проводили общеклинический, неврологический осмотр, оценку выраженности болевого синдрома по визуальной аналоговой шкале (ВАШ) боли в миллиметрах, оценку невропатического компонента боли по опроснику DN4 с определением показателей крови: трансформирующего фактора роста β1 (ТФРβ1), интерлейкина 1β (ИЛ1β), ИЛ6, β-CrossLaps, показателя формирования костного матрикса P1NP (N-терминальный пропептид проколлагена 1-го типа) и определением в моче уровня дезоксипиридинолина.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Болевой анамнез был статистически значимо (p&lt;0,001) более продолжительным у пациентов 2-й группы с более высоким уровнем боли по ВАШ во время всех визитов. По данным анализа ANOVA, у пациентов 2-й группы отмечены статистически значимо более высокие показатели ТФРβ1, ИЛ1β, ИЛ6 и маркеров костной резорбции в сравнении с пациентами 1-й группы, что предполагает взаимосвязь болевого синдрома с наличием воспалительно-резорбтивного процесса у пациентов с патологией КПС.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Отмечена высокая (39,4%) распространенность патологии КПС у пациентов старше 60 лет с БНЧС. За период наблюдения отмечено снижение маркеров костной резорбции и цитокинов, однако в группе пациентов с патологией КПС динамика была менее выраженной, со статистически значимыми различиями по всем показателям при сравнении с группой пациентов без патологии КПС. Целесообразно рассмотреть вопрос диагностического алгоритма при обращении больного старше 60 лет с БНЧС с обязательным исследованием КПС. Лечебную тактику, включая медикаментозные методы коррекции, следует обсуждать на основании полученных данных.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>боль в нижней части спины</kwd><kwd>крестцово-подвздошный сустав</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>резорбция костной ткани</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>low back pain</kwd><kwd>sacroiliac joint</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>bone resorption</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья спонсируется компанией «ФармФирма «Сотекс». Спонсор участвовал в разработке проекта исследования и поддержке исследовательской программы, а также принятии решения о представлении статьи для публикации.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This article has been supported by Sotex PharmFirma. The sponsor has participated in the development of the investigation project and supported the investigation program, as well as in the decision to submit the article for publication.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Longo UG, Loppini M, Denaro L, et al. Rating scales for low back pain. Br Med Bull. 2010;94:81-144. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldp052</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Longo UG, Loppini M, Denaro L, et al. Rating scales for low back pain. Br Med Bull. 2010;94:81-144. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldp052</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shmagel A, Foley R, Ibrahim H. Epidemiology of chronic low back pain in US adults: data from the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis Care Res. 2016;68:1688-94. doi: 10.1002/acr.22890</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shmagel A, Foley R, Ibrahim H. Epidemiology of chronic low back pain in US adults: data from the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis Care Res. 2016;68:1688-94. doi: 10.1002/acr.22890</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grol-Prokopczyk H. Sociodemographic disparities in chronic pain, based on 12-year longitudinal data. Pain. 2017;158:313-22. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000762</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grol-Prokopczyk H. Sociodemographic disparities in chronic pain, based on 12-year longitudinal data. Pain. 2017;158:313-22. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000762</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Janevic MR, McLaughlin SJ, Heapy AA, et al. Racial and socioeconomic disparities in disabling chronic pain: findings from the health and retirement study. J Pain. 2017;18:1459-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.07.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Janevic MR, McLaughlin SJ, Heapy AA, et al. Racial and socioeconomic disparities in disabling chronic pain: findings from the health and retirement study. J Pain. 2017;18:1459-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.07.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ахметов БХ, Максимов ЮН, Хайбуллина ДХ, Губеев БЭ. Боли в нижней части спины: нюансы диагностики. Практическая медицина. 2014;2(78):17-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akhmetov BKh, Maksimov YuN, Khaybullina DKh, Gubeev BE. Pain in the lower back: the nuances of diagnosis. Prakticheskaya meditsina. 2014;2(78):17-20 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Котельников ГП, Золотовская ИА, Давыдкин ИЛ и др. Патология илеосакрального сочленения у пациентов пожилого возраста с болью в нижней части спины (наблюдательная программа «ИОЛАНТА»). Травматология и ортопедия России. 2018;24(3):55-64. doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2018-24-3-55-64</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotel'nikov GP, Zolotovskaya IA, Davydkin IL, et al. Pathology of the ileosacral joint in elderly patients with pain in the lower back (IOLANTA observation program). Travmatologiya i ortopediya Rossii. 2018;24(3):55-64. doi: 10.21823/23112905-2018-24-3-55-64 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flynn T, Fritz J, Whitman J, et al. A clinical prediction rule for classifying patients with low back pain who demonstrate short-term improvement with spinal manipulation. Spine. 2002;27:2835-43. doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000035681.33747.8D2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flynn T, Fritz J, Whitman J, et al. A clinical prediction rule for classifying patients with low back pain who demonstrate short-term improvement with spinal manipulation. Spine. 2002;27:2835-43. doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000035681.33747.8D2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cher D, Polly D, Berven S. Sacroiliac joint pain: burden of disease. Med Devices (Auckl). 2014 Apr 12;7:73-81. doi: 10.2147/MDER.S59437</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cher D, Polly D, Berven S. Sacroiliac joint pain: burden of disease. Med Devices (Auckl). 2014 Apr 12;7:73-81. doi: 10.2147/MDER.S59437</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagamoto Y, Iwasaki M, Sakaura H, et al. Sacroiliac joint motion in patients with degenerative lumbar spine disorders. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015 Aug;23(2):209-16. doi: 10.3171/2014.12.SPINE14590</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagamoto Y, Iwasaki M, Sakaura H, et al. Sacroiliac joint motion in patients with degenerative lumbar spine disorders. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015 Aug;23(2):209-16. doi: 10.3171/2014.12.SPINE14590</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adhia DB, Milosavljevic S, Tumilty S, Bussey MD. Innominate movement patterns, rotation trends and range of motion in individuals with low back pain of sacroiliac joint origin. Man Ther. 2016 Feb;21:100-8. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2015.06.004. Epub 2015 Jun 21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adhia DB, Milosavljevic S, Tumilty S, Bussey MD. Innominate movement patterns, rotation trends and range of motion in individuals with low back pain of sacroiliac joint origin. Man Ther. 2016 Feb;21:100-8. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2015.06.004. Epub 2015 Jun 21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Szadek KM, Hoogland PV, Zuurmond WW, et al. Possible nociceptive structures in the sacroiliac joint cartilage: an immunohistochemical study. Clin Anat. 2010 Mar;23(2):192-8. doi: 10.1002/ca.20908</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Szadek KM, Hoogland PV, Zuurmond WW, et al. Possible nociceptive structures in the sacroiliac joint cartilage: an immunohistochemical study. Clin Anat. 2010 Mar;23(2):192-8. doi: 10.1002/ca.20908</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van der Wurff P. Clinical diagnostic tests for the sacroiliac joint: motion and palpation tests. Aust J Physiother. 2006;52(4):308. doi: 10.1016/S0004-9514(06)70017-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van der Wurff P. Clinical diagnostic tests for the sacroiliac joint: motion and palpation tests. Aust J Physiother. 2006;52(4):308. doi: 10.1016/S0004-9514(06)70017-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sembrano JN, Polly DW Jr. How often is low back pain not coming from the back? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Jan 1;34(1):E27-32. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31818b8882</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sembrano JN, Polly DW Jr. How often is low back pain not coming from the back? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Jan 1;34(1):E27-32. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31818b8882</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ou-Yang DC, York PJ, Kleck CJ, Patel VV. Diagnosis and management of sacroiliac joint dysfunction. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017 Dec 6;99(23):2027-36. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.17.00245</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ou-Yang DC, York PJ, Kleck CJ, Patel VV. Diagnosis and management of sacroiliac joint dysfunction. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017 Dec 6;99(23):2027-36. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.17.00245</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cohen SP, Chen Y, Neufeld NJ. Sacroiliac joint pain: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Expert Rev Neurother. 2013;13(1):99-116. doi: 10.1586/ern.12.148</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cohen SP, Chen Y, Neufeld NJ. Sacroiliac joint pain: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Expert Rev Neurother. 2013;13(1):99-116. doi: 10.1586/ern.12.148</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwarzer AC, Aprill CN, Bogduk N. The sacroiliac joint in chronic low back pain. Spine. 1995;20(1):31-7. doi: 10.1097/00007632199501000-00007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwarzer AC, Aprill CN, Bogduk N. The sacroiliac joint in chronic low back pain. Spine. 1995;20(1):31-7. doi: 10.1097/00007632199501000-00007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Золотовская ИА, Давыдкин ИЛ. Антирезорбтивно-цитокиновые эффекты хондропротективной терапии у пациентов с болью в нижней части спины. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. C.C. Корсакова. 2020;120(4):65-71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zolotovskaya IA, Davydkin IL. Antiresorptivecytokine effects of chondroprotective therapy in patients with lower back pain. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2020;120(4):6571 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Громова ОА, Торшин ИЮ, Лила АМ и др. Хемореактомный анализ антитромботических эффектов глюкозамина сульфата и нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов. Современная ревматология. 2019;13(1):129-34. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2019-1-129-134</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromova OA, Torshin IYu, Lila AM, et al. Chemoreactome analysis of the antithrombotic effects of glucosamine sulfate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Sovremennaya revmatologiya = Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2019;13(1):129-34. doi: 10.14412/1996-70122019-1-129-134 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Громова ОА, Торшин ИЮ, Лила АМ, Громов АН. Молекулярные механизмы глюкозамина сульфата при лечении дегенеративно-дистрофических заболеваний суставов и позвоночника: результаты протеомного анализа. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2018;10(2):38-44. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2018-2-38-4415</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromova OA, Torshin IYu, Lila AM, Gromov AN. Molecular mechanisms of action of glucosamine sulfate in the treatment of degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the joints and spine: results of proteomic analysis. Nevrologiya, neiropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2018;10(2):38-44. doi: 10.14412/2074-27112018-2-38-4415 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Громова ОА, Торшин ИЮ, Лила АМ и др. Молекулярные механизмы миопротективного действия хондроитина сульфата и глюкозамина сульфата при саркопении. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2019;11(1):117-24. doi: 10.14412/20742711-2019-1-117-124</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromova OA, Torshin IYu, Lila AM, et al. Molecular mechanisms of myoprotective action of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine sulfate in sarcopenia. Nevrologiya, neiropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2019;11(1):117-24. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2019-1-117-124 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zegels B, Crozes P, Uebelhart D, et al. Equivalence of a single dose (1200 mg) compared to a three-time a day dose (400 mg) of chondroitin 4&amp;6 sulfate in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Results of a randomized double blind placebo controlled study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21(1):22-7. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.09.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zegels B, Crozes P, Uebelhart D, et al. Equivalence of a single dose (1200 mg) compared to a three-time a day dose (400 mg) of chondroitin 4&amp;6 sulfate in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Results of a randomized double blind placebo controlled study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21(1):22-7. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.09.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеева ЛИ, Аникин СГ, Зайцева ЕМ и др. Исследование эффективности, переносимости и безопасности препарата Хондрогард у пациентов с остеоартрозом. РМЖ. 2013;32:1624-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseeva LI, Anikin SG, Zaitseva EM, et al. Study of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of the drug Hondrogard in patients with osteoarthritis. RMJ. 2013;32:1624-8 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеева ЛИ. Обновление клинических рекомендаций по лечению больных остеоартритом 2019 года. РМЖ. 2019;27(4):2-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseeva LI. Update clinical guidelines for the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis 2019. RMJ. 2019;27(4):2-6 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каратеев АЕ, Лила АМ. Российский опыт применения инъекционных форм хондроитина сульфата и глюкозамина сульфата: обзор клинических исследований. Современная ревматология. 2018;12(1):33–40. 2018;12(1):33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1996-70122018-1-33-40</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karateev AE, Lila AM. Russian experience with injectable chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine sulfate: a review of clinical trials. Sovremennaya Revmatologiya=Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2018;12(1):33-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1996-70122018-1-33-40 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
