<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-2711-2020-2-92-97</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-1311</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Near-moderate cognitive decline</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Доумеренное когнитивное снижение</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коберская</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koberskaya</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Россия, 119021, Москва, ул. Россолимо, 11, стр. 1</p><p>Россия, 143003, Московская область, Одинцово, ул. Маршала Бирюзова, 7А</p><p>Россия, 129226, Москва, ул. 1-я Леонова, 16 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>11, Rossolimo St., Build. 1, Moscow 119021, Russia</p><p>7A, Marshal Biryuzov St., Odintsovo, Moscow Region 143003, Russia</p><p>16, First Leonov St., Moscow 129226, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">koberskaya_n_n@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Остроумова</surname><given-names>Т. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostroumova</surname><given-names>T. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Россия, 119021, Москва, ул. Россолимо, 11, стр. 1</p><p>Россия, 143003, Московская область, Одинцово, ул. Маршала Бирюзова, 7А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>11, Rossolimo St., Build. 1, Moscow 119021, Russia</p><p>7A, Marshal Biryuzov St., Odintsovo, Moscow Region 143003, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кафедра нервных болезней и нейрохирургии Института клинической медицины ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет);&#13;
ФГБУН Центр информационных технологий в проектировании РАН, Москва; &#13;
Российский геронтологический научно-клинический центр ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of Nervous System Diseases and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia;&#13;
Center for Information Technologies in Design, Russian Academy of Sciences; &#13;
Russian Research and Clinical Center of Gerontology, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кафедра нервных болезней и нейрохирургии Института клинической медицины ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет);&#13;
ФГБУН Центр информационных технологий в проектировании РАН, Москва</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of Nervous System Diseases and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia;&#13;
Center for Information Technologies in Design, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>92</fpage><lpage>97</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Koberskaya N.N., Ostroumova T.M., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коберская Н.Н., Остроумова Т.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Koberskaya N.N., Ostroumova T.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1311">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1311</self-uri><abstract/><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"/><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>доумеренное когнитивное снижение</kwd><kwd>субъективное когнитивное снижение</kwd><kwd>легкое когнитивное снижение</kwd><kwd>когнитивные функции</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>near-moderate cognitive decline</kwd><kwd>subjective cognitive decline</kwd><kwd>mild cognitive decline</kwd><kwd>cognitive functions</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований, проект № 19-29-01112 мк.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This investigation has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Projects № 19-29-01112 мк. There are no conflicts of interest.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаров ВВ, Яхно НН. Синдром умеренных когнитивных нарушений в пожилом возрасте – диагностика и лечение. Русский медицинский журнал. 2004;12(10):573-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharov VV, Yakhno NN. Moderate cognitive impairment syndrome in the elderly-diagnosis and treatment. Russkii meditsinskii zhurnal. 2004;12(10):573-6. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно НН. Когнитивные расстройства в неврологической клинике. Неврологический журнал. 2006;11(Прил. 1):4-12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakhno NN. Cognitive Disorders in a Neurological Clinic. Nevrologicheskii zhurnal. 2006;11(Suppl. 1):4-12. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно НН, Захаров ВВ, Коберская НН и др. «Предумеренные» (субъективные и легкие) когнитивные расстройства. Неврологический журнал. 2017;22(4):198- 204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakhno NN, Zakharov VV, Koberskaya NN, et al. «Intentional» (subjective and mild) cognitive disorders. Nevrologicheskii zhurnal. 2017;22(4):198-204. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно НН, Коберская НН, Захаров ВВ и др. Влияние возрастного фактора на «доумеренное» когнитивное снижение. Российский неврологический журнал. 2019;24(5):32-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakhno NN, Koberskaya NN, Zakharov VV, et al. Influence of age factor on «pre-moderate» cognitive decline. Rossiiskii nevrologicheskii zhurnal. 2019;24(5):32-7. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно НН, Коберская НН, Захаров ВВ и др. Влияние возраста, коморбидных сердечно-сосудистых и эмоциональных факторов на легкое когнитивное снижение в среднем, пожилом и старческом возрасте. Неврологический журнал. 2018;23(6):309-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakhno NN, Koberskaya NN, Zakharov VV, et al. Influence of age , comorbid cardiovascular and emotional factors on mild cognitive decline in middle, elderly and senile age. Nevrologicheskii zhurnal. 2018;23(6):309-15. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно НН, Коберская НН, Захаров ВВ и др. Влияние возрастных, гендерных, коморбидных, сердечно-сосудистых и эмоциональных факторов на субъективное когнитивное снижение. Неврологический журнал. 2018;23(4):184-90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakhno NN, Koberskaya NN, Zakharov VV, et al. Influence of age , gender, comorbid, cardiovascular, and emotional factors on subjective cognitive decline. Nevrologicheskii zhurnal. 2018;23(4):184-90. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Локшина АБ, Захаров ВВ. Легкие и умеренные когнитивные расстройства при дисциркуляторной энцефалопатии. Неврологический журнал. 2006;11(Прил. 1):57-63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lokshina AB, Zakharov VV. Mild to moderate cognitive disorders in dyscirculatory encephalopathy. Nevrologicheskii zhurnal. 2006; 11(Pril. 1):57-63. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eckerströ m M, Skoogh J, Rolstad S, et al. Sahlgrenska Academy Self-reported Cognitive Impairment Questionnaire (SASCI-Q) – a research tool discriminating between subjectively cognitively impaired patients and healthy controls. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013 Mar;25(3): 420-30. doi: 10.1017/S1041610212001846. Epub 2012 Dec 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eckerströ m M, Skoogh J, Rolstad S, et al. Sahlgrenska Academy Self-reported Cognitive Impairment Questionnaire (SASCI-Q) – a research tool discriminating between subjectively cognitively impaired patients and healthy controls. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013 Mar;25(3): 420-30. doi: 10.1017/S1041610212001846. Epub 2012 Dec 4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jessen F, Amariglio RE, van Boxtel, et al. A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2014 Nov;10(6): 844-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.01.001. Epub 2014 May 3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jessen F, Amariglio RE, van Boxtel, et al. A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2014 Nov;10(6): 844-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.01.001. Epub 2014 May 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MendonНa MD, Alves L, Bugalho P. From Subjective Cognitive Complaints to Dementia: Who is at Risk?: A Systematic Review. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2016 Mar;31(2):105-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MendonНa MD, Alves L, Bugalho P. From Subjective Cognitive Complaints to Dementia: Who is at Risk?: A Systematic Review. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other  Demen. 2016 Mar;31(2):105-14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gifford KA, Liu D, Lu Z, et al. The source of cognitive complaints predicts diagnostic conversion differentially among nondemented older adults. Alzheimers Dement. 2014 May;10(3): 319-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.02.007. Epub 2013 Jul 16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gifford KA, Liu D, Lu Z, et al. The source of cognitive complaints predicts  diagnostic conversion differentially among nondemented older adults. Alzheimers Dement. 2014 May;10(3): 319-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.02.007. Epub 2013 Jul 16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaup AR, Nettiksimmons J, LeBlanc ES, et al. Memory complaints and risk of cognitive impairment after nearly 2 decades among older women. Neurology. 2015 Nov 24;85(21):1852-8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002153. Epub 2015 Oct 28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaup AR, Nettiksimmons J, LeBlanc ES, et al. Memory complaints and risk of cognitive impairment after nearly 2 decades among older women. Neurology. 2015 Nov 24;85(21):1852-8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002153. Epub 2015 Oct 28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neto AS, Nitrini R. Subjective cognitive decline of healthy adults with and without subjective cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement. 2010 Jan;6(1):11-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2009.10.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neto AS, Nitrini R. Subjective cognitive decline of healthy adults with and without  subjective cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement. 2010 Jan;6(1):11-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2009.10.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Studart A Neto, Nitrini R. Subjective cognitive decline: The first clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease? Dement Neuropsychol. 2016 Jul-Sep;10(3):170-177. doi: 10.1590/S1980-5764-2016DN1003002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Studart A Neto, Nitrini R. Subjective cognitive decline: The first clinical  manifestation of Alzheimer's disease? Dement Neuropsychol. 2016 Jul-Sep;10(3):170-177. doi: 10.1590/S1980-5764-2016DN1003002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koppara A, Wagner M, Lange C, et al. Cognitive performance before and after the onset of subjective cognitive decline in old age. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2015 May 2;1(2): 194-205. doi: 10.1016/j.dadm.2015.02.005. eCollection 2015 Jun.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koppara A, Wagner M, Lange C, et al. Cognitive performance before and after the onset of subjective cognitive decline in old age. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2015 May 2;1(2): 194-205. doi: 10.1016/j.dadm.2015.02.005. eCollection 2015 Jun.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lehrner J, Moser D, Klug S, et al. Subjective memory complaints, depressive symptoms and cognition in patients attending a memory outpatient clinic. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014 Mar;26(3):463-73. doi: 10.1017/S1041610213002263. Epub 2013 Dec 5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lehrner J, Moser D, Klug S, et al. Subjective memory complaints, depressive symptoms and cognition in patients attending a memory outpatient clinic. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014 Mar;26(3):463-73. doi: 10.1017/S1041610213002263. Epub 2013 Dec 5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buckley R, Saling MM, Ames D, et al. Factors affecting subjective memory complaints in the AIBL aging study: biomarkers, memory, affect, and age. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013 Aug; 25(8):1307-15. doi: 10.1017/S1041610213000665. Epub 2013 May 22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buckley R, Saling MM, Ames D, et al. Factors affecting subjective memory complaints in the AIBL aging study: biomarkers, memory, affect, and age. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013 Aug; 25(8):1307-15. doi: 10.1017/S1041610213000665. Epub 2013 May 22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rowell SF, Green JS, Teachman BA, Salthouse TA. Age does not matter: Memory complaints are related to negative affect throughout adulthood. Aging Ment Health. 2016 Dec;20(12):1255-1263. Epub 2015 Aug 25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rowell SF, Green JS, Teachman BA, Salthouse TA. Age does not matter: Memory complaints are related to negative affect throughout adulthood. Aging Ment Health. 2016 Dec;20(12):1255-1263. Epub 2015 Aug 25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolla KI, Lindgren KN, Bonaccorsy C, Bleecker ML. Memory complaints in older adults. Fact or fiction? Arch Neurol. 1991 Jan;48(1):61-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolla KI, Lindgren KN, Bonaccorsy C, Bleecker ML. Memory complaints in older</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sachs-Ericsson N, Joiner T, Blazer DG. The influence of lifetime depression on selfreported memory and cognitive problems: results from the National Comorbidity SurveyReplication. Aging Ment Health. 2008 Mar; 12(2):183-92. doi: 10.1080/13607860801951739.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">adults. Fact or fiction? Arch Neurol. 1991 Jan;48(1):61-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kessing LV. Depression and the risk for dementia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012 Nov;25(6): 457-61. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e328356c368.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sachs-Ericsson N, Joiner T, Blazer DG. The influence of lifetime depression on selfreported memory and cognitive problems: results from the National Comorbidity SurveyReplication. Aging Ment Health. 2008 Mar; 12(2):183-92. doi: 10.1080/13607860801951739.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ismail Z, Elbayoumi H, Fischer CE, et al. Prevalence of Depression in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jan 1;74(1):58-67. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kessing LV. Depression and the risk for dementia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012 Nov;25(6): 457-61. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e328356c368.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ballard C, Bannister C, Solis M, et al. The prevalence, associations and symptoms of depression amongst dementia sufferers. J Affect Disord. 1996 Jan 22;36(3-4):135-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ismail Z, Elbayoumi H, Fischer CE, et al. Prevalence of Depression in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jan 1;74(1):58-67. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lyketsos CG, Olin J. Depression in Alzheimer's disease: overview and treatment. Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Aug 1;52(3):243-52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ballard C, Bannister C, Solis M, et al. The prevalence, associations and symptoms of depression amongst dementia sufferers. J Affect Disord. 1996 Jan 22;36(3-4):135-44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salem LC, Vogel A, Ebstrup J, et al. Subjective cognitive complaints included in diagnostic evaluation of dementia helps accurate diagnosis in a mixed memory clinic cohort. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015 Dec;30(12):1177-85. doi: 10.1002/gps.4272. Epub 2015 Apr 17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyketsos CG, Olin J. Depression in Alzheimer's disease: overview and treatment. Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Aug 1;52(3):243-52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paradise MB, Glozier NS, Naismith SL, et al. Subjective memory complaints, vascular risk factors and psychological distress in the middle-aged: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2011 Jul 1;11:108. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salem LC, Vogel A, Ebstrup J, et al. Subjective cognitive complaints included in diagnostic evaluation of dementia helps accurate diagnosis in a mixed memory clinic cohort. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015 Dec;30(12):1177-85. doi: 10.1002/gps.4272. Epub 2015 Apr 17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Auning E, Selnes P, Grambaite R, et al. Neurobiological correlates of depressive symptoms in people with subjective and mild cognitive impairment. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 Feb;131(2):139-47. doi: 10.1111/acps.12352. Epub 2014 Oct 25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paradise MB, Glozier NS, Naismith SL, et al. Subjective memory complaints, vascular risk factors and psychological distress in the middle-aged: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2011 Jul 1;11:108. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jessen F, Feyen L, Freymann K, et al. Volume reduction of the entorhinal cortex in subjective memory impairment. Neurobiol Aging. 2006 Dec;27(12):1751-6. Epub 2005 Nov 23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Auning E, Selnes P, Grambaite R, et al. Neurobiological correlates of depressive  symptoms in people with subjective and mild cognitive impairment. Acta Psychiatr  Scand. 2015 Feb;131(2):139-47. doi: 10.1111/acps.12352. Epub 2014 Oct 25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stewart R, Dufouil C, Godin O, et al. Neuroimaging correlates of subjective memory deficits in a community population. Neurology. 2008 Apr 29;70(18):1601-7. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000310982.99438.54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jessen F, Feyen L, Freymann K, et al. Volume reduction of the entorhinal cortex in subjective memory impairment. Neurobiol Aging. 2006 Dec;27(12):1751-6. Epub 2005 Nov 23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scheef L, Spottke A, Daerr M, et al. Glucose metabolism, gray matter structure, and memory decline in subjective memory impairment. Neurology. 2012 Sep 25;79(13):1332-9. Epub 2012 Aug 22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stewart R, Dufouil C, Godin O, et al. Neuroimaging correlates of subjective memory deficits in a community population. Neurology. 2008 Apr 29;70(18):1601-7. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000310982.99438.54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saykin AJ, Wishart HA, Rabin LA, et al. Older adults with cognitive complaints show brain atrophy similar to that of amnestic MCI. Neurology. 2006 Sep 12;67(5):834-42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scheef L, Spottke A, Daerr M, et al. Glucose metabolism, gray matter structure, and memory decline in subjective memory impairment. Neurology. 2012 Sep  25;79(13):1332-9. Epub 2012 Aug 22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stenset V, Hofoss D, Berstad AE, et al. White matter lesion subtypes and cognitive deficits in patients with memory impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2008;26(5):424-31. doi: 10.1159/000165355. Epub 2008 Oct 23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saykin AJ, Wishart HA, Rabin LA, et al. Older adults with cognitive complaints show brain atrophy similar to that of amnestic MCI. Neurology. 2006 Sep 12;67(5):834-42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erk S, Spottke A, Meisen A, et al. Evidence of neuronal compensation during episodic memory in subjective memory impairment. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;68(8):845-52. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.80</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stenset V, Hofoss D, Berstad AE, et al. White matter lesion subtypes and cognitive deficits in patients with memory impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2008;26(5):424-31. doi: 10.1159/000165355. Epub 2008 Oct 23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maestu F, Yubero R, Moratti S, et al. Brain activity patterns in stable and progressive mild cognitive impairment during working memory as evidenced by magnetoencephalography. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2011 Apr;28(2):202-9. doi: 10.1097/WNP.0b013e3182121743.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erk S, Spottke A, Meisen A, et al. Evidence of neuronal compensation during episodic memory in subjective memory impairment. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;68(8):845-52. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.80</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodda J, Dannhauser T, Cutinha DJ, et al. Subjective cognitive impairment: functional MRI during a divided attention task. Eur Psychiatry. 2011 Oct;26(7):457-62. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.07.003. Epub 2010 Oct 8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maestu F, Yubero R, Moratti S, et al. Brain activity patterns in stable and progressive mild cognitive impairment during working memory as evidenced by magnetoencephalography. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2011 Apr;28(2):202-9. doi: 10.1097/WNP.0b013e3182121743.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jorm AF, Butterworth P, Anstey KJ, et al. Memory complaints in a community sample aged 60–64 years: associations with cognitive functioning, psychiatric symptoms, medical conditions, APOE genotype, hippocampus and amygdala volumes, and white-matter hyperintensities. Psychol Med. 2004 Nov;34(8):1495-506.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodda J, Dannhauser T, Cutinha DJ, et al. Subjective cognitive impairment: functional MRI during a divided attention task. Eur Psychiatry. 2011 Oct;26(7):457-62. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.07.003. Epub 2010 Oct 8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miranda B, Madureira S, Verdelho A, et al. Self-perceived memory impairment and cognitive performance in an elderly independent population with age-related white matter changes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 Aug;79(8):869-73. Epub 2007 Dec 12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jorm AF, Butterworth P, Anstey KJ, et al. Memory complaints in a community sample aged 60–64 years: associations with cognitive functioning, psychiatric symptoms, medical conditions, APOE genotype, hippocampus and amygdala volumes, and white-matter hyperintensities. Psychol Med. 2004 Nov;34(8):1495-506.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Norden AG, van Uden IW, de Laat KF, et al. Cerebral microbleeds are related to subjective cognitive failures: the RUN DMC study. Neurobiol Aging. 2013 Sep;34(9):2225-30. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.021. Epub 2013 Apr 24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miranda B, Madureira S, Verdelho A, et al. Self-perceived memory impairment  and cognitive performance in an elderly independent population with age-related white matter changes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 Aug;79(8):869-73. Epub 2007 Dec 12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uiterwijk R, Huijts M, Staals J, et al. Subjective Cognitive Failures in Patients With Hypertension Are Related to Cognitive Performance and Cerebral Microbleeds.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Norden AG, van Uden IW, de Laat KF, et al. Cerebral microbleeds are related to subjective cognitive failures: the RUN DMC study. Neurobiol Aging. 2013 Sep;34(9):2225-30. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.021. Epub 2013 Apr 24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hypertension. 2014 Sep;64(3):653-7. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03621. Epub 2014 Jun 9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uiterwijk R, Huijts M, Staals J, et al. Subjective Cognitive Failures in Patients With Hypertension Are Related to Cognitive Performance and Cerebral Microbleeds.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohlhauser L, Parker A, Smart C, et al. White matter and its relationship with cognition in subjective cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2018 Dec 14;11:28-35. doi: 10.1016/j.dadm.2018.10.008. eCollection 2019 Dec.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hypertension. 2014 Sep;64(3):653-7. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03621. Epub 2014 Jun 9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selnes P, Aarsland D, Bj∅rnerud A, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging surpasses cerebrospinal fluid as predictor of cognitive decline and medial temporal lobe atrophy in subjective cognitive impairment and mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;33(3): 723-36. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2012-121603.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ohlhauser L, Parker A, Smart C, et al. White matter and its relationship with cognition in subjective cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2018 Dec 14;11:28-35. doi: 10.1016/j.dadm.2018.10.008. eCollection 2019 Dec.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li X, Tang ZC, Sun Y, et al. White matter degeneration in subjective cognitive decline: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Oncotarget. 2016 Aug 23; 7(34): 54405-54414</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selnes P, Aarsland D, Bj∅rnerud A, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging surpasses  cerebrospinal fluid as predictor of cognitive decline and medial temporal lobe atrophy in subjective cognitive impairment and mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;33(3): 723-36. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2012-121603.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kiuchi K, Kitamura S, Taoka T, et al. Gray and White Matter Changes in Subjective Cognitive Impairment, Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: A Voxel-Based Analysis Study. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 5;9(8):e104007. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104007. eCollection 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li X, Tang ZC, Sun Y, et al. White matter degeneration in subjective cognitive decline: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Oncotarget. 2016 Aug 23; 7(34): 54405-54414</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leijenaara JF, van Maurik IS, Kuijer JPA, et al. Lower cerebral blood flow in subjects with Alzheimer's dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and subjective cognitive decline using two-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2017 Nov 2;9:76-83. doi: 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.10.001. eCollection 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kiuchi K, Kitamura S, Taoka T, et al. Gray and White Matter Changes in Subjective Cognitive Impairment, Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: A Voxel-Based Analysis Study. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 5;9(8):e104007. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104007. eCollection 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blom K, Koek HL, Zwartbol MHT, et al. Subjective cognitive decline, brain imaging biomarkers, and cognitive functioning in patients with a history of vascular disease: the SMARTMedea study. Neurobiol Aging. 2019 Dec;84: 33-40. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.07. 011. Epub 2019 Jul 24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leijenaara JF, van Maurik IS, Kuijer JPA, et al. Lower cerebral blood flow in subjects with Alzheimer's dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and subjective  cognitive decline using two-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance  imaging. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2017 Nov 2;9:76-83. doi: 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.10.001. eCollection 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Langballe EM, Tambs K, Saltvedt I, et al. The association between vascular factors and subjective memory impairment in older people: The HUNT Study. Norsk Epidemiologi. 2012; 22(2):209-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blom K, Koek HL, Zwartbol MHT, et al. Subjective cognitive decline, brain imaging biomarkers, and cognitive functioning in patients with a history of vascular disease: the SMARTMedea study. Neurobiol Aging. 2019 Dec;84: 33-40. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.07. 011. Epub 2019 Jul 24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caracciolo B, Gatz M, Xu W, et al. Relation of multimorbidity to subjective and objective cognitive impairment: a population-based twin study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;36(2):275-84. doi: 10.3233/JAD-122050</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Langballe EM, Tambs K, Saltvedt I, et al. The association between vascular factors and subjective memory impairment in older people: The HUNT Study. Norsk Epidemiologi. 2012; 22(2):209-15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taylor CA, Bouldin ED, Greenlund KJ, et al. Comorbid Chronic Conditions Among Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline, United States, 2015–2017. Innov Aging. 2020 Jan 1;4(1): igz 045. doi: Innov Aging. 2020 Jan 1;4(1):igz045. doi: 10.1093/geroni/igz045. eCollection 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caracciolo B, Gatz M, Xu W, et al. Relation of multimorbidity to subjective and objective cognitive impairment: a population-based twin study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;36(2):275-84. doi: 10.3233/JAD-122050</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Narasimhalu K, Wiryasaputra L, Sitoh YY, et al. Post-stroke subjective cognitive impairment is associated with acute lacunar infarcts in the basal ganglia. Eur J Neurol. 2013 Mar;20(3): 547-51. doi: 10.1111/ene.12032. Epub 2012 Nov 22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taylor CA, Bouldin ED, Greenlund KJ, et al. Comorbid Chronic Conditions Among Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline, United States, 2015–2017. Innov Aging. 2020 Jan 1;4(1): igz 045. doi: Innov Aging. 2020 Jan 1;4(1):igz045. doi: 10.1093/geroni/igz045. eCollection 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adams ML, Grandpre J, Katz DL, et al. Cognitive Impairment and Cardiovascular Disease: A Comparison of Risk Factors, Disability, Quality of Life, and Access to Health Care. Public Health Rep. 2020 Jan;135(1):132-140. doi: 10.1177/0033354919893030.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Narasimhalu K, Wiryasaputra L, Sitoh YY, et al. Post-stroke subjective cognitive  impairment is associated with acute lacunar infarcts in the basal ganglia. Eur J Neurol. 2013 Mar;20(3): 547-51. doi: 10.1111/ene.12032. Epub 2012 Nov 22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen ST, Siddarth P, Ercoli LM, et al. Modifiable Risk Factors for Alzheimer Disease and Subjective Memory Impairment across Age Groups. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 4;9(6):e98630. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098630. eCollection 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adams ML, Grandpre J, Katz DL, et al. Cognitive Impairment and Cardiovascular Disease: A Comparison of Risk Factors, Disability, Quality of Life, and Access to Health Care. Public Health Rep. 2020 Jan;135(1):132-140. doi: 10.1177/0033354919893030.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borda MG, Santacruz JM, Aarsland D, et al. Association of depressive symptoms and subjective memory complaints with the incidence of cognitive impairment in older adults with high blood pressure. Eur Geriatr Med. 2019 Jun;10(3):413-420. doi: 10.1007/s41999-019-00185-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen ST, Siddarth P, Ercoli LM, et al. Modifiable Risk Factors for Alzheimer Disease and Subjective Memory Impairment across Age Groups. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 4;9(6):e98630. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098630. eCollection 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scuteri A, Tesauro M, Guglini L, et al. Aortic stiffness and hypotension episodes are associated with impaired cognitive function in older subjects with subjective complaints of memory loss. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Nov 20;169(5): 371-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.09.009. Epub 2013 Oct 3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borda MG, Santacruz JM, Aarsland D, et al. Association of depressive symptoms and subjective memory complaints with the incidence of cognitive  impairment in older adults with high blood pressure. Eur Geriatr Med. 2019 Jun;10(3):413-420. doi: 10.1007/s41999-019-00185-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Leeuw FA, van der Flier WM, Tijms BM, et al. Specific Nutritional Biomarker Profiles in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Subjective Cognitive Decline Are Associated With Clinical Progression: The NUDAD Project. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020 Jan 27. pii: S1525-8610(19) 30869-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.009. [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scuteri A, Tesauro M, Guglini L, et al. Aortic stiffness and hypotension episodes are associated with impaired cognitive function in older subjects with subjective complaints of memory loss. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Nov 20;169(5): 371-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.09.009. Epub 2013 Oct 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Leeuw FA, van der Flier WM, Tijms BM, et al. Specific Nutritional Biomarker Profiles in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Subjective Cognitive Decline Are Associated With Clinical Progression: The NUDAD Project. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020 Jan 27. pii: S1525-8610(19) 30869-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.009. [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Leeuw FA, van der Flier WM, Tijms BM, et al. Specific Nutritional Biomarker Profiles in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Subjective Cognitive Decline Are Associated With Clinical Progression: The NUDAD Project. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020 Jan 27. pii: S1525-8610(19) 30869-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.009. [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
