<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nnp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"IMA-Press", LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/2074-2711-2018-4-72-80</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nnp-1000</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И МЕТОДИКИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Chemoreactome analysis of tolperisone, tizanidine, and baclofen molecules: anticholinergic, antispasmodic, and analgesic mechanisms of action</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Хемореактомный анализ молекул толперизона, тизанидина и баклофена: холинолитические, спазмолитические и анальгетические механизмы действия</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Торшин</surname><given-names>И. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Torshin</surname><given-names>I. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>1119333, Москва, ул. Вавилова, 40; 2119234, Москва, Ленинские горы, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>40, Vavilov St., Moscow 119333; 1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119234</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Громова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gromova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Алексеевна Громова</p><p>1119333, Москва, ул. Вавилова, 40; 2119234, Москва, Ленинские горы, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga Alekseevna Gromova</p><p>40, Vavilov St., Moscow 119333; 1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119234</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">unesco.gromova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стаховская</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stakhovskaya</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>3117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1;</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1, Ostrovityanov St, Moscow 117997</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семёнов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>1119333, Москва, ул. Вавилова, 40; 3117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>40, Vavilov St., Moscow 119333; 22a, Voroshilov St., Kemerovo 650056</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт фармакоинформатики, ФИЦ «Информатика и управление», РАН; Центр технологий хранения и анализа больших данных, ФГБОУВО «Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Pharmacoinformatics, Federal Research Center «Informatics and Control», Russian Academy of Sciences; Center for Big Data Storage and Analysis Technologies, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИИ цереброваскулярной патологии и инсульта при ФГБОУВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт фармакоинформатики, ФИЦ «Информатика и управление», РАН; ФГБОУ «Кемеровский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Pharmacoinformatics, Federal Research Center «Informatics and Control», Russian Academy of Sciences; Kemerovo State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Torshin I.Y., Gromova O.A., Stakhovskaya L.V., Semenov V.A., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Торшин И.Ю., Громова О.А., Стаховская Л.В., Семёнов В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Torshin I.Y., Gromova O.A., Stakhovskaya L.V., Semenov V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1000">https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/1000</self-uri><abstract><p>Muscle relaxants are used in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain. The exact molecular mechanisms of action of muscle relaxants are not always clear. Some muscle relaxants show mainly an anticholinergic effect, others have GABAergic one; they differ in accumulation in muscles, central nervous system, and other tissues.</p><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to carry out a comparative chemoreactome analysis of tolperisone with tizanidine and baclofen, allowing the pharmacological action of each of the molecules to be specified.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The investigators applied a chemoinformational approach, i.e. compared the chemical structure of the studied molecules with the structures of millions of other molecules, for which the molecular and pharmacological properties are known. The analysis is based on the latest machine learning technologies developed within the framework of the theory of combinatorial solvability analysis, the theory of topological and metric approaches to analyzing the features of the so-called big data.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Tolperisone was most likely to accumulate in the skeletal muscles, adrenal cortex, and hypothalamus. The drug caused a muscle relaxant effect through cholinergic action, practically without affecting adrenergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic neurotransmission. Each of the studied molecules was established to exert dose-dependent antispasmodic and analgesic effects. Tolperisone was shown to have antithrombotic and antiinflammatory effects due to inhibition of the activity of tumor necrosis factor-a and to modulation of the metabolism ofprostaglandins and leukotrienes.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Significant differences were found in the mechanisms of molecular action of tolperisone, tizanidine, and baclofen, which was responsible for differences in the time of onset and duration of action of a muscle relaxant, in the action on CNS or peripheral nervous system neurons, as well as in additionalpleiotropic effects and adverse reactions.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Миорелаксанты используются в терапии скелетно-мышечной боли. Точные молекулярные механизмы действия миорелаксантов не всегда ясны. Одни миорелаксанты проявляют преимущественно антихолинергическое действие, другие — ГАМКергическое, они различаются по накоплению в мышцах, ЦНС и в других тканях.</p><p>Цель исследования — сравнительный хемореактомный анализ толперизона с тизанидином и баклофеном, который позволяет уточнить фармакологическое действие каждой из молекул.</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Использован хемоинформационный подход, т. е. сравнение химической структуры исследуемых молекул со структурами миллионов других молекул, для которых молекулярно-фармакологические свойства известны. Анализ основан на новейших технологиях машинного обучения, разрабатываемых в рамках теории комбинаторного анализа разрешимости, теории топологического и метрического подходов к анализу признаковых описаний так называемых больших данных.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Толперизон с наибольшей вероятностью накапливался в скелетных мышцах, коре надпочечников и гипоталамусе. Толперизон вызывает миорелаксантный эффект посредством холинолитического действия, практически не влияя на адренергическую, дофаминергическую, ГАМКергическую нейротрансмиссию. Установлено дозозависимое антиспастическое и анальгетическое действие каждой из исследованных молекул. Показана возможность существования у толперизона антитромботических и противовоспалительных эффектов, обусловленных ингибированием эффектов фактора некроза опухолей а, модуляцией метаболизма простагландинов и лейкотриенов.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Выявлены значимые различия в механизмах молекулярного действия толперизона, тизанидина и баклофена, что приводит к различиям во времени наступления и продолжительности миорелаксантного эффекта, в действии на нейроны ЦНС или нейроны периферической нервной системы, а также в дополнительных плейотропных эффектах и нежелательных реакциях.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>миорелаксанты</kwd><kwd>толперизон</kwd><kwd>тизанидин</kwd><kwd>баклофен</kwd><kwd>топологический подход к распознаванию</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>muscle relaxants</kwd><kwd>tolperisone</kwd><kwd>tizanidine</kwd><kwd>baclofen</kwd><kwd>topological approach to recognition</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Парфенов ВА, Яхно НН, Кукушкин МЛ и др. Острая неспецифическая (скелетномышечная) поясничная боль. Рекомендации Российского общества по изучению боли (РОИБ). Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2018;10(2):4—11. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2018-2-4-11</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parfenov VA, Yakhno NN, Kukushkin ML, et al. Acute nonspecific (musculoskeletal) low back pain. Guidelines of the Russian Society for the Study of Pain (RSSP). Nevrologiya, neirop-sikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, neuropsychiatry, psychosomatics. 2018;10(2):4—11. (In Russ.). doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2018-2-4-11</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Машковский МД. Лекарственные средства. 17-е изд. Москва: Новая Волна; 2014. С. 98-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mashkovskii MD. Lekarstvennye sred-stva. 17-e izd. [Medicines. 17th ed.]. Moscow: Novaya Volna; 2014. P. 98-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glu ck J, Rymarczyk B, Rogala B. An immediate hypersensitivity reaction caused by tolperisone hydrochloride. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2011;21(5):411-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glu ck J, Rymarczyk B, Rogala B. An immediate hypersensitivity reaction caused by tolperisone hydrochloride. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2011;21(5):411-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garbutt JC, Kampov-Polevoy AB, Gallop R, et al. Efficacy and safety of baclofen for alcohol dependence : A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010 Nov;34(11):1849-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01273.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garbutt JC, Kampov-Polevoy AB, Gallop R, et al. Efficacy and safety of baclofen for alcohol dependence : A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010 Nov;34(11):1849-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01273.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torshin IYu. Sensing the change from molecular genetics to personalized medicine. New York: Nova Biomedical Books; 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torshin IYu. Sensing the change from molecular genetics to personalized medicine. New York: Nova Biomedical Books; 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. Combinatorial analysis of the solvability properties of the problems of recognition and completeness of algorithmic models. part 1: factorization approach. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2017;27(1):16-28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. Combinatorial analysis of the solvability properties of the problems of recognition and completeness of algorithmic models. part 1: factorization approach. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2017;27(1):16-28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. Combinatorial analysis of the solvability properties of the problems of recognition and completeness of algorithmic models. part 2: metric approach within the framework of the theory of classification of feature values. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2017;27(2):184-99.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. Combinatorial analysis of the solvability properties of the problems of recognition and completeness of algorithmic models. part 2: metric approach within the framework of the theory of classification of feature values. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2017;27(2):184-99.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torshin IYu. Optimal dictionaries of the final information on the basis of the solvability criterion and their applications in bioinformatics. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2013;23(2):319-27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torshin IYu. Optimal dictionaries of the final information on the basis of the solvability criterion and their applications in bioinformatics. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2013;23(2):319-27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On the theoretical basis of the metric analysis of poorly formalized problems of recognition and classification. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2015:25(4):577—87.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On the theoretical basis of the metric analysis of poorly formalized problems of recognition and classification. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2015:25(4):577—87.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On metric spaces arising during formalization of problems of recognition and classification. part 1: properties of compactness. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2016;26(2):274.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On metric spaces arising during formalization of problems of recognition and classification. part 1: properties of compactness. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2016;26(2):274.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On metric spaces arising during formalization of problems of recognition and classification. part 2: density properties. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2016;26(3):483-96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On metric spaces arising during formalization of problems of recognition and classification. part 2: density properties. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2016;26(3):483-96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On the application of the combinatorial theory of solvability to the analysis of chemographs. part 1: fundamentals of modern chemical bonding theory and the concept of the chemograph. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2014; 24(1):11-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On the application of the combinatorial theory of solvability to the analysis of chemographs. part 1: fundamentals of modern chemical bonding theory and the concept of the chemograph. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2014; 24(1):11-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On the application of the combinatorial theory of solvability to the analysis of chemographs: part 2. local completeness of invariants of chemographs in view of the combinatorial theory of solvability. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2014;24(2):196-208.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On the application of the combinatorial theory of solvability to the analysis of chemographs: part 2. local completeness of invariants of chemographs in view of the combinatorial theory of solvability. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2014;24(2):196-208.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Торшин ИЮ, Громова ОА, Федотова ЛЭ и др. Хемоинформационный анализ молекулы оротовой кислоты указывает на противовоспалительные, нейропротекторные и кардиопротекторные свойства лиганда магния. Фарматека. 2013;(13):95-104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torshin IYu, Gromova OA, Fedotova LE, et al. Chemoreactome analysis of a molecule of orotic acid indicates anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and cardioprotective properties of the ligand of magnesium. Farmateka. 2013;(13): 95-104. (In russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wishart DS, Tzur D, Knox C, et al. HMDB: the Human Metabolome Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jan;35(Database issue): D521-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wishart DS, Tzur D, Knox C, et al. HMDB: the Human Metabolome Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jan;35(Database issue): D521-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонов ЕЛ, Яхно НН, Каратеев АЕ и др. Общие принципы лечения скелетно-мышечной боли: междисциплинарный консенсус. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2016;54(3):247-65. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2016-247-265</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonov EL, Yakhno NN, Karateev AE, et al. General principles of treatment for musculoskeletal pain: interdisciplinary consensus. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revma-tologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2016;54(3):247-65. (In Russ.). doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2016-247-265</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chandanwale AS, Sundar S, Latchoumibady K, et al. Efficacy and safety profile of combination of tramadol-diclofenac versus tramadol-paracetamol in patients with acute musculoskeletal conditions, postoperative pain, and acute flare of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: a Phase III, 5-day open-label study. JPain Res. 2014 Aug 12;7:455-63. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S67817.eCollection2014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chandanwale AS, Sundar S, Latchoumibady K, et al. Efficacy and safety profile of combination of tramadol-diclofenac versus tramadol-paracetamol in patients with acute musculoskeletal conditions, postoperative pain, and acute flare of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: a Phase III, 5-day open-label study. JPain Res. 2014 Aug 12;7:455-63. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S67817.eCollection2014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
